Lembaran kerja Nilai makmal & elektrolit dengan jawapan

Graviti tentu air kencing 1.035 paling mungkin mencadangkan:

1. AAir kencing yang sangat cair, seperti dalam diabetes insipidus
2. BAir kencing normal untuk setiap pesakit
3. CJangkitan saluran kencing
4. DAir kencing pekat, seperti dalam dehidrasi

Where does most of the ammonia in the blood come from, and which organ removes it?

1. ARed cell breakdown in the spleen; removed by the skin
2. BGlucose breakdown in muscle; removed by the pancreas
3. CProtein breakdown by gut bacteria; removed by the liver
4. DFat breakdown in adipose tissue; removed by the lungs

Ujian darah manakah yang biasanya menjadi ujian pertama untuk menyaring fungsi tiroid?

1. AKalsium serum
2. BKortisol serum
3. CHormon perangsang tiroid (TSH)
4. DHemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

A patient has weight loss, tremor and heat intolerance. Which thyroid test pattern fits Graves disease?

1. AHigh TSH with a low free T₄
2. BLow TSH with a high free T₄
3. CNormal TSH with a low free T₄
4. DHigh TSH with a normal free T₄

Mengapakah kalsium keseluruhan yang rendah mesti ditafsir dengan berhati-hati pada pesakit dengan albumin serum yang rendah?

1. AAlbumin rendah menjadikan setiap ujian kalsium tidak tepat dan tidak berguna
2. BAlbumin rendah sentiasa menyebabkan hipokalsemia sebenar yang bergejala
3. CBanyak kalsium terikat pada albumin, maka kalsium keseluruhan menurun walaupun kalsium terion normal
4. DAlbumin dan kalsium diukur dengan tindak balas kimia yang sama, maka ia sentiasa menurun bersama

A patient with hyperkalemia is prescribed an oral potassium binder such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. How does this drug lower potassium?

1. AIt protects the heart muscle against high potassium levels
2. BIt binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
3. CIt moves potassium into cells in the next few minutes
4. DIt stops the kidneys from absorbing water in the tubules

A patient with diabetes and chronic kidney disease had a CT scan with IV contrast. Two days later, the creatinine has risen from 1.4 to 2.0 mg/dL (124 to 177 µmol/L). Which action is most appropriate?

1. AIgnore it, because contrast never affects kidney function
2. BGive extra metformin, because the glucose rises after contrast
3. CReport it, monitor urine output and hold metformin until reviewed
4. DRestrict all fluids to protect the kidneys from more contrast

A patient has a positive hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) test. What is the most appropriate next step?

1. ATell the patient they definitely have chronic hepatitis C
2. BTest for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
3. CGive hepatitis C vaccine to prevent further infection
4. DRepeat the antibody test, as a positive test is always false