Lembaran kerja Nilai makmal & elektrolit dengan jawapan

What is a typical adult reference range for serum bicarbonate (total CO₂) on a metabolic panel?

1. AAbout 35–45 mEq/L
2. BAbout 98–106 mEq/L
3. CAbout 8–12 mEq/L
4. DAbout 22–28 mEq/L

At what time of day is serum cortisol normally highest?

1. ALate afternoon
2. BAround midnight
3. CEarly morning
4. DAfter the evening meal

Which hemoglobin value in an adult man is within the typical reference range?

1. A15.0 g/dL (150 g/L)
2. B5.5 g/dL (55 g/L)
3. C9.0 g/dL (90 g/L)
4. D20.5 g/dL (205 g/L)

A patient taking spironolactone asks about using a salt substitute. What should the nurse explain?

1. ASalt substitutes are fine as long as the patient drinks more water
2. BMost salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
3. CSalt substitutes are safe because they contain only sodium chloride
4. DSalt substitutes protect against the potassium loss caused by this drug

A patient with type 2 diabetes has a target HbA1c below 7% (53 mmol/mol). Today's result is 7.8% (62 mmol/mol). What is the best interpretation?

1. AThe patient has had frequent episodes of severe hypoglycemia
2. BGlucose control has been excellent for the past several months
3. CThe result shows today's fasting glucose is above the target
4. DAverage glucose over the past months has been above the target

A patient has macrocytic anemia with numbness and tingling of the feet and poor balance. Which deficiency is most likely?

1. AVitamin B₁₂
2. BVitamin C (ascorbic acid)
3. CFolate (folic acid)
4. DIron (low ferritin)

A patient with ongoing hemolytic anemia has an HbA1c of 4.6%, but home glucose readings are often 180–220 mg/dL (10–12 mmol/L). What best explains the gap?

1. AThe patient has true, well-controlled diabetes
2. BHemolysis makes the HbA1c test read too high
3. CShort red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
4. DThe home glucose meter is reading falsely high

An 82-year-old woman without a catheter has a urine culture growing bacteria, but no fever, urinary symptoms or change in mental state. What is the best interpretation?

1. AAsymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics
2. BContamination, so the culture must be repeated every week
3. CA urinary tract infection that needs urgent IV antibiotics
4. DPyelonephritis, which needs admission and IV fluids today