Lembaran kerja Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratori dengan jawapan

Which muscle does most of the work of quiet breathing?

1. AThe abdominal muscles
2. BThe diaphragm
3. CThe trapezius
4. DThe sternocleidomastoid

Where in the kidney does furosemide mainly act?

1. AThe renal artery
2. BThe glomerulus
3. CThe loop of Henle
4. DThe collecting duct only

What is the normal PR interval on an adult ECG?

1. A0.12–0.20 seconds
2. B0.02–0.06 seconds
3. C1.0–1.2 seconds
4. D0.40–0.60 seconds

Dua hari selepas infarksi miokardium, seorang pesakit mengalami sesak nafas tiba-tiba, krepitasi dan bunyi bising sistolik kuat yang baharu. Komplikasi manakah yang patut disyaki?

1. APerikarditis pasca-infarksi yang menyebabkan geseran perikardium
2. BPecah otot papilari dengan regurgitasi mitral akut
3. CEmbolisme pulmonari yang disebabkan oleh rehat di katil yang berpanjangan
4. DEpisod baharu angina stabil yang dicetuskan oleh tekanan

A patient on ramipril is to start sacubitril/valsartan for heart failure. What is the key safety point?

1. AThe ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
2. BThe ACE inhibitor dose should be doubled during the change
3. CBoth drugs should be taken together each day for the best effect
4. DSacubitril/valsartan is safe to start on the same morning

In heart failure, why does activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system worsen symptoms over time?

1. AIt causes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
2. BIt slows the heart rate dangerously
3. CIt lowers the blood pressure to very low levels over time
4. DIt makes the kidneys pass too much dilute urine each day

A nurse finds a patient collapsed in bed and unresponsive. What should the nurse do first?

1. ALeave the patient to fetch a defibrillator before calling anyone
2. BShout for help, open the airway and check breathing for up to 10 seconds
3. CGive two rescue breaths, then check the blood glucose before calling anyone
4. DTake a full set of observations, including temperature and blood glucose

A patient is listed for coronary angiography in the morning. Which pre-procedure result should the nurse report to the team?

1. AA markedly reduced eGFR
2. BA haemoglobin in the normal range
3. CA blood glucose of 5.4 mmol/L (97 mg/dL)
4. DA normal platelet count