Lembaran kerja Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratori dengan jawapan

Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

1. AThe pulmonary valve
2. BThe aortic valve
3. CThe mitral valve
4. DThe tricuspid valve

What is the main role of the delay at the atrioventricular (AV) node?

1. AIt closes the aortic valve
2. BIt gives the ventricles time to fill before they contract
3. CIt starts each heartbeat by firing faster than the SA node
4. DIt speeds the impulse to the ventricles so they beat sooner

In a tension pneumothorax, which way does the trachea usually shift?

1. AAway from the affected side
2. BUpwards towards the chin
3. CIt never moves in a pneumothorax
4. DTowards the affected side

What is the main difference between CPAP and bilevel NIV (often called BiPAP)?

1. ACPAP is given only through a tracheostomy
2. BBilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂
3. CCPAP is mainly used to lower a raised PaCO₂ in COPD exacerbations
4. DBilevel NIV gives oxygen only, without any positive airway pressure

Which patient is most typical of a primary spontaneous pneumothorax?

1. AA tall, thin young man who smokes
2. BA middle-aged woman with high blood pressure
3. CAn older woman with long-standing heart failure
4. DA child with a viral sore throat

Which foot care advice is correct for a patient with peripheral arterial disease?

1. AWalk barefoot at home to strengthen the feet
2. BCut corns with a razor blade to prevent pressure
3. CUse a hot water bottle on the feet at night
4. DCheck the feet daily and wear well-fitting shoes

After positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is increased on a ventilated patient, the blood pressure falls. What is the most likely reason?

1. AHigher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
2. BPEEP causes immediate blood loss from the alveolar capillaries
3. CPEEP lowers the blood oxygen level
4. DPEEP directly weakens the heart muscle and its contraction

A patient with squamous cell lung cancer becomes confused, thirsty and constipated, with abdominal pain. Which electrolyte disturbance is most likely?

1. AHypomagnesaemia
2. BHyponatraemia
3. CHypokalaemia
4. DHypercalcaemia