Werkblad Medisch-chirurgisch: cardiovasculair en respiratoir met antwoorden

Which valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

1. AThe aortic valve
2. BThe tricuspid valve
3. CThe mitral valve
4. DThe pulmonary valve

What is the pleura?

1. AThe tiny air sacs at the ends of the airways where gas exchange happens
2. BThe dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen
3. CThe cartilage rings of the trachea
4. DA double membrane lining the lungs and the inner chest wall

What does the term "afterload" describe?

1. AThe stretch of the ventricle before it contracts
2. BThe time the heart takes to relax after each beat
3. CThe resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood
4. DThe volume of blood returning to the right atrium each minute

A patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator asks what to do if it fires. Which teaching is correct?

1. AIgnore any shock at all, because the device is designed to fire every day and needs no follow-up
2. BOne shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
3. CDrive straight to hospital alone after any shock so the device can be checked by the team
4. DRemove the device battery at home if it fires more than once

A pulse oximeter on a patient's finger gives an unreliable, flickering reading. Which factor is the most likely cause?

1. AThe patient having eaten recently
2. BCold hands with poor peripheral circulation
3. CA regular heart rate of 75 beats per minute
4. DThe patient sitting upright in a chair

Which ECG finding is typical of atrial flutter?

1. ARegular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
2. BP waves with no relationship to the QRS complexes
3. CWide, bizarre QRS complexes at 180/min
4. DA chaotic baseline with no clear P waves and irregular QRS

A ventilated patient with severe ARDS is to be turned prone. What is the main reason, and the key nursing risk?

1. AIt treats infection; the risk is fever
2. BIt improves oxygenation; risks are pressure injury and tube displacement
3. CIt improves digestion and gut motility; the main risk is constipation
4. DIt lowers the blood pressure; the main risk is rebound hypertension

A patient receiving noradrenaline (norepinephrine) through a peripheral cannula has pale, cold skin around the site. What should the nurse do?

1. AStop it at that site, inform the team and follow the extravasation policy
2. BIncrease the rate so the drug enters the vein faster and leaks less
3. CMassage the area firmly to spread the drug out into the surrounding tissue
4. DContinue the infusion, as this is expected