Wartości laboratoryjne i elektrolity: karta pracy z odpowiedziami

A patient who has not eaten for 2 days has ketones in the urine. What is the most likely reason?

1. AThe bladder has a bacterial infection
2. BThe kidneys are leaking protein
3. CThe liver is making too much glucose
4. DThe body is burning fat for energy

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency typically causes which type of anemia?

1. AAplastic anemia, with an empty bone marrow
2. BMicrocytic anemia, with small red cells
3. CMacrocytic anemia, with large red cells
4. DHemolytic anemia, with destroyed red cells

What does a positive direct antiglobulin test (direct Coombs test) show?

1. AThe patient's platelets are clumping together in the blood sample
2. BThe patient's red cells are too small and contain little hemoglobin
3. CAntibodies or complement are attached to the patient's red cells
4. DThe patient's plasma is missing the clotting factor VIII

A patient with HIV on antiretroviral therapy has an undetectable viral load. What does this mean?

1. AThe treatment can now be stopped without any risk
2. BThe CD4 count must now be dangerously low too
3. CThe virus has been completely cured and removed
4. DThe treatment is suppressing the virus very well

W przewlekłej chorobie nerek wysokiemu stężeniu fosforanów w surowicy zwykle towarzyszy jaka zmiana wapnia?

1. AWyłącznie wysoki potas, bez zmiany wapnia
2. BWysokie stężenie wapnia w surowicy
3. CNiskie stężenie wapnia w surowicy
4. DBrak zmiany wapnia

A patient with diabetes also takes propranolol. Why is regular glucose monitoring especially important?

1. AThe drug causes very high glucose in all patients
2. BThe drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
3. CThe drug stops the meter from reading correctly
4. DThe drug blocks the insulin injection site

Pacjent z przewlekłą hiponatremią (sód 118 mEq/L) jest leczony. Dlaczego sód trzeba podnosić powoli?

1. ASzybka korekta sprawia, że sód znów spada jeszcze bardziej
2. BPowolna korekta jest potrzebna tylko po to, by obniżyć koszty hospitalizacji
3. CSzybka korekta powoduje hipokaliemię, która jest jedynym ryzykiem
4. DMoże to spowodować osmotyczną demielinizację, ciężkie uszkodzenie mózgu

A patient with heavy alcohol use and a poor diet has a hemoglobin of 10,1 g/dL (101 g/L), an MCV of 110 fL and a low red cell folate. Which explanation fits best?

1. AThalassemia trait inherited from one of the parents
2. BFolate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
3. CAnemia caused by long-standing chronic kidney disease
4. DIron deficiency from slow, chronic bleeding in the gut