Фармакология: лист заданий с ответами

How does tramadol relieve pain?

1. AWeak opioid agonism plus inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline
2. BAntagonising NMDA receptors in the spinal cord and blocking sodium channels
3. CBlocking COX enzymes in the periphery
4. DBlocking sodium channels in peripheral nerves

Disulfiram is used in alcohol use disorder because it:

1. ACauses an unpleasant reaction if alcohol is drunk
2. BReplaces alcohol at its receptors in the brain
3. CRemoves alcohol from the blood faster
4. DCures liver damage caused by alcohol

Which drug can be used in beta blocker overdose because it raises heart rate through a non-adrenergic pathway?

1. AGlucagon
2. BFlumazenil
3. CNaloxone
4. DInsulin

A patient with Addison's disease on hydrocortisone develops a fever with flu. What is the usual advice?

1. AIncrease the dose as instructed (sick-day rules) and seek help if vomiting
2. BMake no change, as illness does not affect cortisol needs
3. CStop the hydrocortisone until the fever settles, to let the body recover
4. DHalve the hydrocortisone to reduce side effects

Why are patients taking simvastatin often advised to avoid large amounts of grapefruit juice?

1. AGrapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 in the gut, raising simvastatin levels and myopathy risk
2. BGrapefruit blocks cholesterol absorption and causes low cholesterol
3. CGrapefruit makes the tablet dissolve in the mouth
4. DGrapefruit speeds up simvastatin breakdown in the liver, so the drug stops working

After instilling eye drops, why should the patient press gently on the inner corner of the eye for a minute or two?

1. ATo reduce drainage into the nose and absorption into blood
2. BTo spread the drop evenly over the eyelid
3. CTo stop the eye from producing tears for about an hour
4. DTo make the pupil dilate faster

A patient taking azathioprine is prescribed allopurinol for gout. What is the main danger?

1. AGout becomes worse because allopurinol is inactivated by azathioprine
2. BLiver enzyme induction, making azathioprine ineffective
3. CSevere hypertension from the combination
4. DSevere bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced

A nurse calculates a child's dose and finds it is ten times higher than the usual range in the drug reference. What should the nurse do?

1. AGive one tenth of the dose without telling anyone
2. BGive half the dose as a compromise
3. CWithhold it, recheck the calculation and clarify with the prescriber
4. DGive the dose, because the prescriber is responsible for the order