Cevaplı Dahili-cerrahi: nöroloji, endokrin ve böbrek çalışma kâğıdı

Artmış kafa içi basıncı olan bir hasta için genellikle hangi baş pozisyonu kullanılır?

1. ABaş vücuttan aşağıda (Trendelenburg)
2. BDik oturarak, boyun öne bükülmüş
3. CBaş yaklaşık 30° yükseltilmiş, boyun düz
4. DDüz yatarken baş bir yana iyice çevrilmiş

Kronik böbrek hastalığı olan birçok hastada neden anemi gelişir?

1. AHer gün idrarla kan kaybedilir
2. BBöbrekler daha az eritropoietin üretir
3. CDiyaliz kandaki demiri uzaklaştırır
4. DBöbrekler kırmızı kan hücrelerini yıkar

Which type of insulin is given intravenously, for example in an insulin infusion?

1. AIntermediate-acting NPH (isophane) insulin
2. BPremixed biphasic insulin
3. CSoluble (regular) short-acting insulin
4. DLong-acting insulin glargine

An older patient with a long-term catheter has bacteria in the urine but no symptoms. What is usually appropriate?

1. ARemove the catheter permanently at once
2. BAntibiotics for life to keep the urine sterile
3. CNo antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
4. DA full course of antibiotics straight away

A stroke patient with dysphagia has been started on a modified diet. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?

1. AGive fluids through a straw so they flow more slowly
2. BLay the patient flat straight after meals so they can rest and digest
3. CFeed quickly so the patient does not tire during the meal
4. DSit the patient fully upright for meals and for a while afterwards

A stroke patient speaks fluently, but the words make little sense, and they do not follow simple instructions. Which type of aphasia is this?

1. AReceptive (Wernicke's) aphasia
2. BDysarthria from facial weakness
3. CGlobal aphasia with no speech at all
4. DExpressive (Broca's) aphasia

After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?

1. AAsk the doctor for a sedative to stop the outbursts
2. BIgnore it, because it shows that the patient is seeking attention from the staff
3. CExplain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
4. DTell the patient that crying will slow their recovery

The day after a lumbar puncture, a patient has a headache that is severe when standing and almost gone when lying flat. Temperature and neck movement are normal. What is the most likely cause?

1. APost-dural puncture headache
2. BBacterial meningitis from the procedure
3. CA subarachnoid haemorrhage
4. DA migraine triggered by stress