Робочий аркуш «Медсестринство в терапії та хірургії: серцево-судинна та дихальна системи» з відповідями

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

1. AClosure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
2. BClosure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
3. CBlood flowing quickly into the atria
4. DThe heart muscle stretching in diastole

Which description fits stable angina?

1. ASharp chest pain that worsens with each breath
2. BChest pain that appears only after heavy meals
3. CChest pain on exertion that eases with rest or nitrates
4. DChest pain at rest that lasts longer than an hour and keeps returning

Which structure is the heart's natural pacemaker?

1. AThe sinoatrial (SA) node
2. BThe atrioventricular (AV) node
3. CThe Purkinje fibres
4. DThe bundle of His

After an acute coronary syndrome, a patient with a normal cholesterol level is prescribed a high-intensity statin. Why?

1. AStatins are needed only if the cholesterol level is very high
2. BStatins work as painkillers for chest pain
3. CStatins are given after an ACS mainly to lower the blood pressure
4. DStatins reduce further events whatever the starting cholesterol

How does ezetimibe lower cholesterol?

1. AIt reduces absorption of cholesterol from the gut
2. BIt increases cholesterol loss in the urine
3. CIt dissolves plaques already in the arteries
4. DIt blocks cholesterol production by enzymes in the liver

A patient's blood pressure is high in clinic but normal on home readings. Which step best confirms the diagnosis?

1. AA chest X-ray
2. BStarting two antihypertensive drugs at once at full dose
3. CAmbulatory or structured home blood pressure monitoring
4. DA single repeat reading in the same clinic visit

A 74-year-old with atrial fibrillation, hypertension and diabetes asks why she needs an anticoagulant when she feels well. Which reply is best?

1. AIt is needed only while she has palpitations
2. BThe anticoagulant will stop the irregular heartbeat for good
3. CIt is given to lower her blood pressure
4. DHer risk of stroke is high, and an anticoagulant lowers it

A patient being treated for pulmonary TB repeatedly misses doses and stops when they feel better. Which strategy is most effective?

1. ADoubling the dose on the days the patient remembers to take it
2. BSwitching to a single drug to make it easier
3. CStopping treatment, as it is clearly not working for this patient
4. DDirectly observed therapy with support for barriers to adherence