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1.Легка
Why is HIV treated with a combination of antiretroviral drugs?
ABecause one drug alone causes no side effects
BBecause each single drug cures only part of the infection
CTo make the treatment shorter, usually a few weeks
DTo suppress the virus and prevent drug resistance
2.Легка
Drugs whose names end in "-pril", such as lisinopril, belong to which class?
AACE inhibitors
BCalcium channel blockers
CBeta blockers
DAngiotensin II receptor blockers
3.Легка
What is drug synergism?
ATwo drugs together produce exactly the sum of their separate effects
BTwo drugs together have a greater effect than the sum of each alone
COne drug cancels out the effect of another drug
DA drug loses its effect after repeated doses
4.Середня
Ацикловір переважно використовують для лікування інфекцій, спричинених:
AГерпесвірусами, як-от вірусом простого герпесу та варицела-зостер
BВірусом грипу A
CВІЛ
DБактеріями, що виробляють бета-лактамазу
5.Середня
When does oseltamivir give the most benefit in influenza?
AAt any time, as the timing makes no difference
BOnly after symptoms have lasted at least one week
COnly after a bacterial pneumonia has developed
DWhen started within 48 hours of the first symptoms
6.Середня
A patient with Addison's disease on hydrocortisone develops a fever with flu. What is the usual advice?
AHalve the hydrocortisone to reduce side effects
BIncrease the dose as instructed (sick-day rules) and seek help if vomiting
CMake no change, as illness does not affect cortisol needs
DStop the hydrocortisone until the fever settles, to let the body recover
7.Складна
Why is vancomycin given by mouth, not intravenously, for Clostridioides difficile infection?
AOral vancomycin is absorbed into the blood better than IV vancomycin
BOral vancomycin is not absorbed, so it reaches high levels in the colon
CIntravenous vancomycin causes C. difficile infection
DThe oral form is cheaper but has the same effect as IV
8.Складна
A patient who used heroin a few hours ago is given a first dose of buprenorphine and quickly develops severe withdrawal. Why?
ABuprenorphine causes an allergic reaction in heroin users
BBuprenorphine is a pure antagonist like naloxone with no agonist effect
CBuprenorphine has no effect at opioid receptors
DBuprenorphine is a high-affinity partial agonist that displaces heroin
Ключ відповідей
1. D · To suppress the virus and prevent drug resistance
2. A · ACE inhibitors
3. B · Two drugs together have a greater effect than the sum of each alone
4. A · Герпесвірусами, як-от вірусом простого герпесу та варицела-зостер
5. D · When started within 48 hours of the first symptoms
6. B · Increase the dose as instructed (sick-day rules) and seek help if vomiting
7. B · Oral vancomycin is not absorbed, so it reaches high levels in the colon
8. D · Buprenorphine is a high-affinity partial agonist that displaces heroin
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