Kiểm soát nhiễm khuẩn và an toàn người bệnh: gói ôn nước rút

A newly hired nurse had BCG vaccine as a child. Which TB screening test is usually preferred?

1. AA chest x-ray every month for the first year
2. BNo screening, because BCG prevents all TB
3. CAn interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
4. DA tuberculin skin test, which is read 24 hours after it is placed

A newly hired nurse has these hepatitis B results: HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative. What do they show?

1. AImmunity from hepatitis B vaccination
2. BNo immunity, so the vaccine is needed
3. CPast infection that has now cleared
4. DA current hepatitis B infection

A bedbound patient who has not opened their bowels for a week now has liquid stool leaking constantly. What should the nurse suspect?

1. ANormal bowel function returning
2. BA side effect of drinking too much water
3. CAn infection that needs antidiarrhoeal drugs at once
4. DFaecal impaction with overflow

An older patient with diarrhoea for three days is dizzy on standing and passing small amounts of dark urine. What is the most likely problem?

1. ANormal ageing that needs no action
2. BDehydration from fluid loss
3. CUrinary retention caused by a full bladder
4. DFluid overload from drinking too much

Vi khuẩn nào là nguyên nhân phổ biến nhất gây loét dạ dày?

1. AStaphylococcus aureus
2. BEscherichia coli
3. CClostridioides difficile
4. DHelicobacter pylori

Quá trình nào có thể tạo ra một phân týp cúm A hoàn toàn mới gây đại dịch?

1. ABiến đổi tiềm tan bởi một thể thực khuẩn
2. BChuyển đổi kháng nguyên (antigenic shift) qua tái tổ hợp các đoạn gen
3. CTrôi dạt kháng nguyên (antigenic drift) qua sự tích lũy dần các đột biến điểm
4. DBiến nạp bằng DNA tự do