Phiếu bài tập Nội–ngoại khoa: thần kinh, nội tiết và thận có đáp án

In countries with enough iodine in the diet, what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

1. AA pituitary tumour pressing on the gland
2. BToo much iodine in salt
3. CThyroid cancer
4. DAutoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's)

Which picture is typical of Guillain–Barré syndrome?

1. AMuscle weakness that worsens late in the day and improves with rest
2. BA sudden one-sided facial droop with slurred speech
3. CA resting tremor that slowly spreads to the other hand
4. DRising weakness from the legs, weeks after an infection

How does glucagon raise blood glucose?

1. AIt makes the liver release stored glucose
2. BIt blocks the absorption of glucose in muscle
3. CIt stops the kidneys losing glucose in urine
4. DIt adds glucose directly into the bloodstream

Tiêu chí tổn thương thận cấp (KDIGO) nào liên quan đến lượng nước tiểu?

1. ADưới 0,5 mL/kg/giờ trong 6 giờ trở lên
2. BBất kỳ thay đổi nào về màu nước tiểu
3. CDưới 2 mL/kg/giờ trong 1 giờ
4. DDưới 1 L trong 24 giờ bất kể lượng uống vào

Why is IV calcium gluconate given in severe hyperkalaemia?

1. AIt moves potassium into the cells
2. BIt removes potassium through the kidneys
3. CIt binds potassium in the gut
4. DIt protects the heart from arrhythmias

What does a positive pronator drift test show?

1. ASubtle weakness in one arm
2. BWeakness of the eye muscles
3. CA normal response in older adults
4. DLoss of hearing on one side

Two days after an ileal conduit was formed, the stoma is dark purple and dry. What should the nurse do?

1. AApply a warm compress to improve the colour of the stoma
2. BRecord it as normal for a new stoma
3. CChange the bag and check again next week
4. DReport it urgently, because the stoma may be ischaemic

A patient on insulin has worsening chronic kidney disease and is having more hypos. What is the best explanation?

1. AKidney disease makes the meter read too low
2. BKidney disease makes the body resistant to insulin
3. CThe kidneys clear less insulin, so it lasts longer
4. DThe patient is eating far more carbohydrate than before