1.Easy
In a parliamentary system, the government usually depends on:
- AThe approval of the courts
- BA referendum every year
- CThe confidence of parliament
- DThe support of the head of state only
2.Easy
Members of the Dutch Senate (Eerste Kamer) are mainly elected by:
- AAppointment by the King
- BDirect vote of all citizens
- CMembers of the provincial councils
- DMembers of the House of Representatives
3.Easy
A codified constitution is one whose main rules are:
- AAgreed afresh after every election
- BFound only in judicial decisions
- CCollected in a single written document
- DBased entirely on unwritten customs
4.Medium
Under AG v De Keyser's Royal Hotel, when a statute covers the same ground as a prerogative power:
- AThe government can choose freely between the two
- BThe prerogative overrides the statute
- CThe prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- DThe government may still choose the prerogative if it offers more flexible powers
5.Medium
To bring a claim for judicial review in England and Wales, the claimant must have:
- AA contract with the public body
- BA sufficient interest in the matter
- CPermission from the minister
- DSuffered financial loss
6.Medium
Which rights in the ECHR are absolute and allow no derogation even in an emergency?
- ARight to respect for private life (Article 8)
- BFreedom of expression (Article 10)
- CFreedom of assembly (Article 11)
- DThe prohibition of torture (Article 3)
7.Hard
The "margin of appreciation" doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights means that:
- AStates may disregard Strasbourg judgments whenever their own parliament disagrees with the outcome
- BEvery state must apply identical rules
- CStates have some discretion in how they protect rights, especially on sensitive moral issues
- DThe Court never reviews national decisions
8.Hard
Under Osman v UK, a state breaches its positive obligation under Article 2 to protect a person from a third party if the authorities:
- AFailed to prevent any crime in their area
- BKnew or ought to have known of a real and immediate risk to life, and failed to take reasonable measures
- CFailed to convict the person who later killed the victim
- DDid not provide round-the-clock police protection for every person who had reported any threat against them
Answer key
- 1. C · The confidence of parliament
- 2. C · Members of the provincial councils
- 3. C · Collected in a single written document
- 4. C · The prerogative is put in abeyance and the government must act under the statute
- 5. B · A sufficient interest in the matter
- 6. D · The prohibition of torture (Article 3)
- 7. C · States have some discretion in how they protect rights, especially on sensitive moral issues
- 8. B · Knew or ought to have known of a real and immediate risk to life, and failed to take reasonable measures
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