1.Easy
A "rigid" constitution is one that:
- ACan be changed by an ordinary Act
- BIs enforced strictly by the army
- CCan never be amended at all
- DCan be amended only by a special procedure
2.Easy
The principle of legality in public law means that a public authority:
- ANeeds a legal basis for its actions, especially when interfering with rights
- BCan act freely unless a statute expressly prohibits the particular action taken
- CCan ignore laws during weekends
- DMust always be elected
3.Easy
The separation of powers divides state power between:
- AThe police, the army and the courts
- BParliament, the monarch and the church
- CThe legislature, the executive and the judiciary
- DThe central, regional and local tiers of government
4.Medium
In the Factortame litigation, while the UK was an EU member, the House of Lords:
- ADisapplied parts of an Act of Parliament that conflicted with EU law
- BReferred the matter to the European Court of Human Rights
- CHeld that EU law could never limit Acts of Parliament
- DDeclared the European Communities Act 1972 invalid
5.Medium
Proportionality review usually asks whether a measure:
- AIs the cheapest option available and has been approved by parliament
- BIs popular with voters
- CPursues a legitimate aim, is suitable, necessary and balanced
- DWas adopted quickly
6.Medium
Under Porter v Magill, the test for apparent bias asks whether:
- AA fair-minded and informed observer would conclude there was a real possibility of bias
- BThe claimant personally and reasonably believed that the decision-maker had been biased against them
- CThe decision-maker was actually biased
- DThe decision-maker had ever met any party
7.Hard
Article 79(3) of the German Basic Law (the "eternity clause") forbids amendments that affect:
- AAny article of the Basic Law at all
- BThe electoral system, the number of seats in the Bundestag, or any of the rules in Articles 38 to 48 on elections
- COnly the articles on taxation
- DThe federal structure, the Länder's participation in legislation, or the principles in Articles 1 and 20
8.Hard
In R (Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal (2019), the Supreme Court held that an ouster clause protecting the Tribunal's decisions:
- AApplied only to decisions on national security
- BExcluded all review of its decisions
- CDid not exclude judicial review of its errors of law
- DWas invalid because it was in secondary legislation
Answer key
- 1. D · Can be amended only by a special procedure
- 2. A · Needs a legal basis for its actions, especially when interfering with rights
- 3. C · The legislature, the executive and the judiciary
- 4. A · Disapplied parts of an Act of Parliament that conflicted with EU law
- 5. C · Pursues a legitimate aim, is suitable, necessary and balanced
- 6. A · A fair-minded and informed observer would conclude there was a real possibility of bias
- 7. D · The federal structure, the Länder's participation in legislation, or the principles in Articles 1 and 20
- 8. C · Did not exclude judicial review of its errors of law
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