1.Easy
The Dutch Parliament (Staten-Generaal) consists of:
- AThe provincial councils and municipal councils
- BThe King and the Council of Ministers
- CThe House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) and the Senate (Eerste Kamer)
- DThe Council of State and the Supreme Court
2.Easy
Judicial review allows courts to:
- ARewrite any legislation they consider unwise
- BCheck whether public bodies act lawfully
- CDecide elections
- DAppoint government ministers
3.Easy
A codified constitution is one whose main rules are:
- ACollected in a single written document
- BFound only in judicial decisions
- CBased entirely on unwritten customs
- DAgreed afresh after every election
4.Medium
In R v Bow Street Magistrate, ex p Pinochet (No 2), the House of Lords set aside its own earlier decision because:
- AOne judge had links to a charity that was a party to the case
- BThe case had been heard in private
- CThe judges had made a legal mistake
- DPinochet had not been given a lawyer of his own choice at the hearing
5.Medium
In Golder v UK, the European Court of Human Rights held that Article 6 includes:
- AA right of access to a court
- BA right to a jury trial
- CA right to free legal aid in all cases
- DA right to appeal to Strasbourg
6.Medium
Proportionality review usually asks whether a measure:
- APursues a legitimate aim, is suitable, necessary and balanced
- BWas adopted quickly
- CIs popular with voters
- DIs the cheapest option available and has been approved by parliament
7.Hard
A statute says a commission's "determination ... shall not be called in question in any court of law". In Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission, the House of Lords held:
- AThe clause did not protect a decision based on an error of law, because that was a nullity
- BThe clause was invalid as unconstitutional
- CThe decision was immune from review because the ouster clause applied to all its determinations
- DThe clause excluded all judicial review
8.Hard
Officers enter a writer's house and seize his papers under a warrant issued by a Secretary of State with no legal authority to issue it. In Entick v Carrington, the court held:
- AThe search was lawful, because the warrant was signed
- BThe search was lawful, because state necessity justified seizing the papers
- CThe search was unlawful, because state action needs legal authority
- DThe writer could only complain to Parliament
Answer key
- 1. C · The House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) and the Senate (Eerste Kamer)
- 2. B · Check whether public bodies act lawfully
- 3. A · Collected in a single written document
- 4. A · One judge had links to a charity that was a party to the case
- 5. A · A right of access to a court
- 6. A · Pursues a legitimate aim, is suitable, necessary and balanced
- 7. A · The clause did not protect a decision based on an error of law, because that was a nullity
- 8. C · The search was unlawful, because state action needs legal authority
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