1.Easy
In a presidential system, such as that of the United States:
- AThe head of the executive is elected separately and does not depend on the legislature's confidence
- BThe president is a ceremonial figure with no powers
- CThe president can dissolve the legislature at will
- DThe president is chosen by and from the legislature and must resign if it withdraws its confidence in the government
2.Easy
Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects:
- AThe right to liberty and security
- BFreedom of religion
- CThe right to an effective remedy
- DThe right to marry
3.Easy
A referendum is:
- AA vote of no confidence in the government by members of parliament
- BA decision of the constitutional court
- CA direct vote by the electorate on a particular question
- DAn election of members of parliament
4.Medium
In Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza, the House of Lords used section 3 of the Human Rights Act to read "as his or her wife or husband" in the Rent Act as:
- AApplying only to registered marriages
- BIncompatible, so it issued a declaration
- CIncluding same-sex partners
- DExcluding all unmarried partners
5.Medium
In Golder v UK, the European Court of Human Rights held that Article 6 includes:
- AA right to appeal to Strasbourg
- BA right of access to a court
- CA right to a jury trial
- DA right to free legal aid in all cases
6.Medium
The Dutch Constitution (Article 120) forbids courts from:
- AApplying international treaties
- BReviewing Acts of Parliament for compatibility with the Constitution
- CHearing criminal cases
- DReviewing decisions of municipalities and provinces against national statutes
7.Hard
In Germany, an individual who claims a public authority has violated their basic rights may, after exhausting other remedies, bring:
- AA petition directly to the Bundestag's President
- BA request to the Federal President to veto
- CA constitutional complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court
- DA case to the European Court of Justice
8.Hard
A tribunal orders publication of Prince Charles's letters to ministers. The Attorney General issues a certificate under the Freedom of Information Act overriding it. In R (Evans) v Attorney General (2015), the Supreme Court held:
- AThe certificate was valid, as the Act gave him an unqualified veto over any tribunal decision on disclosure
- BThe certificate was invalid, as he had merely disagreed with the tribunal's view of the same facts
- CThe letters could never be published
- DThe Act was incompatible with Article 10 ECHR
Answer key
- 1. A · The head of the executive is elected separately and does not depend on the legislature's confidence
- 2. A · The right to liberty and security
- 3. C · A direct vote by the electorate on a particular question
- 4. C · Including same-sex partners
- 5. B · A right of access to a court
- 6. B · Reviewing Acts of Parliament for compatibility with the Constitution
- 7. C · A constitutional complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court
- 8. B · The certificate was invalid, as he had merely disagreed with the tribunal's view of the same facts
Full step-by-step solutions: practise this topic on examproblems.com.