1.Easy
The Salisbury convention in the UK means that the House of Lords:
- ADoes not block government bills carrying out manifesto commitments
- BMay permanently veto bills that alter the constitution of the United Kingdom
- CElects the Speaker of the House of Commons
- DMust approve all money bills within one week
2.Easy
A "rigid" constitution is one that:
- ACan be amended only by a special procedure
- BIs enforced strictly by the army
- CCan be changed by an ordinary Act
- DCan never be amended at all
3.Easy
Devolution in the UK means that:
- AThe UK has become a federal state in which the regional powers are entrenched and cannot be removed by Westminster
- BParliament transfers some powers to bodies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland while remaining sovereign
- CLocal councils can override Acts of Parliament
- DThe monarch shares power with regional parliaments
4.Medium
In Lingens v Austria, the European Court of Human Rights held that politicians:
- ACannot sue for defamation at all
- BAre fully protected from any criticism
- CHave no rights under Article 10
- DMust tolerate wider criticism than private individuals
5.Medium
In Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza, the House of Lords used section 3 of the Human Rights Act to read "as his or her wife or husband" in the Rent Act as:
- AApplying only to registered marriages
- BIncluding same-sex partners
- CExcluding all unmarried partners
- DIncompatible, so it issued a declaration
6.Medium
Under the Human Rights Act 1998, a private body with some "functions of a public nature" is:
- ABound by the Act only if it receives most of its funding from the state
- BNever bound by the Act
- CBound by the Act for its public functions, but not for private acts
- DBound by the Act in everything it does
7.Hard
In the Urgenda case (2019), the Dutch Supreme Court upheld an order requiring the State to:
- AReduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25% compared with 1990 by the end of 2020
- BWithdraw from international climate agreements
- CPay damages to every Dutch citizen
- DClose all coal power stations immediately
8.Hard
The government introduces high fees for bringing claims to employment tribunals, and the number of claims falls sharply. In R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor (2017), the Supreme Court held:
- AThe fees were unlawful because they prevented access to justice
- BThe fees were lawful because Parliament authorised fees
- CThe fees breached only EU competition law
- DThe fees were lawful because users of the courts must pay for them
Answer key
- 1. A · Does not block government bills carrying out manifesto commitments
- 2. A · Can be amended only by a special procedure
- 3. B · Parliament transfers some powers to bodies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland while remaining sovereign
- 4. D · Must tolerate wider criticism than private individuals
- 5. B · Including same-sex partners
- 6. C · Bound by the Act for its public functions, but not for private acts
- 7. A · Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25% compared with 1990 by the end of 2020
- 8. A · The fees were unlawful because they prevented access to justice
Full step-by-step solutions: practise this topic on examproblems.com.