1.Easy
The Salisbury convention in the UK means that the House of Lords:
- AMust approve all money bills within one week
- BDoes not block government bills carrying out manifesto commitments
- CElects the Speaker of the House of Commons
- DMay permanently veto bills that alter the constitution of the United Kingdom
2.Easy
The Dutch Parliament (Staten-Generaal) consists of:
- AThe provincial councils and municipal councils
- BThe Council of State and the Supreme Court
- CThe House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) and the Senate (Eerste Kamer)
- DThe King and the Council of Ministers
3.Easy
The principle of legality in public law means that a public authority:
- ACan act freely unless a statute expressly prohibits the particular action taken
- BNeeds a legal basis for its actions, especially when interfering with rights
- CMust always be elected
- DCan ignore laws during weekends
4.Medium
In CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service (the GCHQ case), Lord Diplock classified the grounds of judicial review as:
- AJurisdiction, motive and fairness
- BIllegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety
- CLegality, legitimacy and proportionality
- DFraud, mistake and duress
5.Medium
In England and Wales, a claim for judicial review must generally be filed:
- AAt any time
- BWithin six years
- CPromptly, and in any event within three months
- DWithin one year
6.Medium
In Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza, the House of Lords used section 3 of the Human Rights Act to read "as his or her wife or husband" in the Rent Act as:
- AIncluding same-sex partners
- BApplying only to registered marriages
- CExcluding all unmarried partners
- DIncompatible, so it issued a declaration
7.Hard
In Brown v Board of Education (1954), the US Supreme Court held that racial segregation in public schools:
- AWas a matter for each state alone
- BViolated only the First Amendment
- CWas constitutional so long as the separate facilities were of equal quality
- DViolated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
8.Hard
In Germany, an individual who claims a public authority has violated their basic rights may, after exhausting other remedies, bring:
- AA constitutional complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court
- BA request to the Federal President to veto
- CA petition directly to the Bundestag's President
- DA case to the European Court of Justice
Answer key
- 1. B · Does not block government bills carrying out manifesto commitments
- 2. C · The House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) and the Senate (Eerste Kamer)
- 3. B · Needs a legal basis for its actions, especially when interfering with rights
- 4. B · Illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety
- 5. C · Promptly, and in any event within three months
- 6. A · Including same-sex partners
- 7. D · Violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
- 8. A · A constitutional complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court
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