1.Easy
Which two elements usually make up a criminal offence?
- AMotive and opportunity
- BOffer and acceptance
- CActus reus and mens rea
- DDuty and breach
2.Easy
What is the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?
- A10
- B16
- C14
- D12
3.Easy
Handling stolen goods (section 22 Theft Act 1968) requires that the defendant:
- AKept the goods for over a month
- BKnew or believed the goods to be stolen
- CSold the goods for profit
- DStole the goods personally
4.Medium
Gang members threaten D to make her rob a post office. D had joined the gang knowing it used violence. Following R v Hasan, D:
- ACan rely on duress because the threat was real, immediate and impossible for her to escape
- BCan rely on duress only if the robbery failed
- CCannot rely on duress because she voluntarily associated with violent criminals
- DCan rely on necessity instead of duress
5.Medium
D is present when a crime is committed but does nothing to help or encourage it. Following R v Clarkson, D is:
- ANot an accessory, because mere presence without intent to encourage is not enough
- BAn accessory, because voluntary presence at the scene always amounts to encouragement
- CThe principal, because D witnessed the whole crime
- DAn accessory, because D could have called the police
6.Medium
The "thin skull" rule in criminal law means:
- AA frail victim breaks the chain of causation
- BThe defendant must take the victim as they find them
- CThe victim's injuries must be foreseeable in extent
- DOnly healthy victims are protected
7.Hard
R v Gomez (1993) held that an appropriation in theft:
- AOnly occurs when the defendant leaves the shop
- BRequires that the act was not authorised by the owner, even if consent was obtained by fraud
- CCan occur even when the owner consents, if the consent was obtained by deception
- DRequires a physical taking of the property
8.Hard
Under the loss of control defence (Coroners and Justice Act 2009), the defence is NOT available if:
- AThe loss of control was not sudden
- BThe victim was a family member
- CThe defendant had been drinking that day
- DThe defendant acted in a considered desire for revenge
Answer key
- 1. C · Actus reus and mens rea
- 2. A · 10
- 3. B · Knew or believed the goods to be stolen
- 4. C · Cannot rely on duress because she voluntarily associated with violent criminals
- 5. A · Not an accessory, because mere presence without intent to encourage is not enough
- 6. B · The defendant must take the victim as they find them
- 7. C · Can occur even when the owner consents, if the consent was obtained by deception
- 8. D · The defendant acted in a considered desire for revenge
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