1.Easy
A child who called every four-legged animal "dog" learns that cats are different and forms a new category. In Piaget's terms, this is:
- AAssimilation
- BAccommodation
- CConservation
- DEgocentrism
2.Easy
Harlow's monkey experiments showed that infant monkeys preferred:
- AA soft cloth mother without food over a wire mother with food
- BOther infant monkeys only
- CBeing alone to having any mother
- DA wire mother with food over a cloth mother without any food
3.Easy
According to Erikson, the main conflict of infancy is:
- AIndustry versus inferiority
- BAutonomy versus shame and doubt
- CTrust versus mistrust
- DInitiative versus guilt
4.Medium
Kagan described some toddlers who are consistently shy, cautious and quiet with unfamiliar people and situations. This temperament is called:
- ADisorganised attachment
- BLearned helplessness
- CBehavioural inhibition
- DIdentity diffusion
5.Medium
Habituation in infant research is used to show that babies:
- ABecome drowsy and sleep more when the same stimulus is presented over and over again
- BPrefer their own reflection
- CAre born with full adult vision
- DCan tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
6.Medium
Which concept refers to a period when a child is especially sensitive to certain experiences?
- AAccommodation
- BHabituation
- CObject permanence
- DCritical (sensitive) period
7.Hard
In Hughes' "policeman doll" study, most children aged 3½–5 could hide a boy doll where two policemen could not see him. How does this relate to Piaget's three mountains task?
- AIt confirms that young children are fully egocentric
- BIt shows that children cannot take any other person's viewpoint before about age 7
- CIt suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
- DIt shows that conservation develops before age 3
8.Hard
In Vygotsky's theory, private speech in young children is seen as:
- ASpeech mainly intended to communicate information to other people nearby
- BA sign of egocentrism with no function
- CA symptom of a language delay
- DA tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
Answer key
- 1. B · Accommodation
- 2. A · A soft cloth mother without food over a wire mother with food
- 3. C · Trust versus mistrust
- 4. C · Behavioural inhibition
- 5. D · Can tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
- 6. D · Critical (sensitive) period
- 7. C · It suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
- 8. D · A tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
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