CNA 模拟测试(护理员知识考试练习):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 4 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

护理助理(CNA)知识

方法

  1. 检查住养者此刻是否处于危险中(呼吸停止、噎住、跌倒、胸痛、卒中征象);如果是,先保证其安全并立即叫护士。
  2. 问一问这项任务是否在护理助理的职责范围和培训范围内;如果不是,礼貌地拒绝并告知护士。
  3. 尊重住养者的权利:隐私、选择权、拒绝照护、尊严,以及免受虐待和不必要的约束。
  4. 应用基本规则:手卫生、人体力学、床放低且呼叫器在伸手可及处、穿衣时先穿弱侧。
  5. 观察并报告:与住养者平时的状态比较,及时、客观地报告变化。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

2练习题

1.护理助理(CNA)知识中等

Why can bed side rails be dangerous for some residents?

  1. AThey make the call light stop working
  2. BThey are only dangerous for staff, who may pinch their fingers
  3. CResidents can get trapped in gaps or fall climbing over them
  4. DThey make the bed too warm and stuffy for the resident
2.护理助理(CNA)知识困难

When emptying a urinary drainage bag into a graduate, which action helps prevent infection?

  1. ALift the bag above the bladder so it drains quickly
  2. BDisconnect the bag from the catheter so it can be emptied more quickly
  3. CRinse the drain spout with tap water and let it hang open
  4. DKeep the spout from touching anything, and close it as policy directs
3.护理数学与单位换算中等
4 lb 1 oz? kg1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 4 lb 1 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。

4 lb 1 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0020:5004:25t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 20:50 开始,到次日早晨 04:25 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。

20:5004:25
t = h

3溶液

1.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: C · Residents can get trapped in gaps or fall climbing over them

为什么是这个答案

Side rails can cause entrapment between the rail and mattress, and residents may fall from a greater height when climbing over them. Their use depends on assessment, the care plan and resident consent.

答案

C · Residents can get trapped in gaps or fall climbing over them
2.护理助理(CNA)知识

答案: D · Keep the spout from touching anything, and close it as policy directs

为什么是这个答案

Germs can travel from the spout up the bag and tubing into the bladder. The spout must not touch anything, it is cleaned and closed as policy directs, and the bag stays below the bladder and connected.

答案

D · Keep the spout from touching anything, and close it as policy directs
3.护理数学与单位换算

答案: m = 1.85 kg

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

盎司换算为磅

1 oz/16 = 0.0625 lb
4 + 0.0625 = 4.063 lb

磅换算为千克

m = 4.063/2.2 = 1.847 ≈ 1.85 kg

答案

m = 1.85 kg
4.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 7.58 h

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

20:50 → 24:00 = 190 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 04:25 = 265 min

合计

190 + 265 = 455 min
t = 455/60 = 7.583 ≈ 7.58 h

答案

t = 7.58 h

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