描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (115 − 100)/15 = 1
答案
z = 1
5.置信区间
答案: E = 4.966 h
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
点估计
x̄₁ − x̄₂ = 79.5 − 72 = 7.5
标准误
SE = √(9²/50 + 12²/30) = 2.534
误差范围
E = 1.96·2.534 = 4.966
答案
E = 4.966 h
区间不包含 0,所以两个均值有显著差异。
6.置信区间
答案: n = 1537
Confidence interval for a proportion: p̂ ± z·√(p̂(1 − p̂)/n), where p̂ = x/n. To reach a margin E you need n ≥ z²·p(1 − p)/E², rounded up; without a prior estimate use p = 0.5, which gives the largest n.
解出 n
n = 1.96²·0.5·0.5/0.025² = 1537
向上取整
n = 1537
答案
n = 1537
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = −0.7047
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
合并方差
sp² = (6·9.5² + 6·4.5²)/12 = 55.25
sp = 7.433
标准误
SE = 7.433·√(1/7 + 1/7) = 3.973
检验统计量
t = (27 − 29.8)/3.973 = −0.7047
答案
t = −0.7047
df = 12 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.179;|t| 更小,所以不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = 2.332
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.