描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (550 − 500)/50 = 1
答案
z = 1
5.置信区间
答案: E = 0.4382
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 15, t = 1.753
误差范围
E = 1.753·1/√16 = 0.4382
答案
E = 0.4382
6.置信区间
答案: E = 4.387 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (14·3.5² + 5·2²)/19 = 10.08
sp = 3.175
误差范围
E = 2.861·3.175·√(1/15 + 1/6) = 4.387
答案
E = 4.387 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = 2.1
Testing a mean: the test statistic measures how many standard errors the sample mean lies from the value claimed in H₀: z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n) when σ is known, t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n) when it is estimated from the sample. A confidence interval is x̄ ± (critical value)·(standard error).
平均差值的标准误
SE = 10.5/√9 = 3.5
检验统计量
t = 7.35/3.5 = 2.1
答案
t = 2.1
df = 8 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.306;|t| 更小,所以不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: L = 124.1
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。