描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 1
标准正态分布表
Φ(1) = 0.8413
P = 1 − 0.8413 = 0.1587
答案
P = 0.1587
5.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 6.071 mmHg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
临界值
df = 8, t = 3.355
误差范围
E = 3.355·0.6/√9 = 0.671
区间
5.4 ± 0.671 → [4.729, 6.071]
答案
上限 = 6.071 mmHg
6.置信区间
答案: n = 4441
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
解出 n
n = (1.96·34/1)² = 4441
向上取整
样本量是整数,向下取整会使误差范围过大。
n = 4441
答案
n = 4441
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = 1.712
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
差值的标准误
SE = √(8²/30 + 18²/60) = √7.533 = 2.745
检验统计量
z = (138.5 − 133.8)/2.745 = 1.712
答案
z = 1.712
|z| < 1.96,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 447
检验的样本量:在水平 α 下的单侧 z 检验中,要以功效 1 − β 检测出真实偏移 δ,标准误必须满足 δ = (z_α + z_β)·σ/√n,所以 n = ((z_α + z_β)·σ/δ)²,向上取整。