描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = −1
标准正态分布表
Φ(−1) = 0.1587
P = 0.1587
答案
P = 0.1587
5.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 74.94
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 11, t = 1.796
误差范围
E = 1.796·10.5/√12 = 5.444
区间
69.5 ± 5.444 → [64.06, 74.94]
答案
上限 = 74.94
6.置信区间
答案: n = 438
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
解出 n
n = (1.96·16/1.5)² = 437.1
向上取整
样本量是整数,向下取整会使误差范围过大。
n = 438
答案
n = 438
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: p = 0.2005
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
检验统计量
SE = σ/√n = 12/√144 = 1
z = (80.84 − 80)/1 = 0.84
尾部面积
Φ(0.84) = 0.7995
1 − Φ(0.84) = 0.2005
p 值
p = 0.2005
答案
p = 0.2005
p > 0.05,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −1.404
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.