描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = −0.8
标准正态分布表
Φ(−0.8) = 0.2119
P = 0.2119
答案
P = 0.2119
5.置信区间
答案: 下限 = −1.989 h
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
点估计
x̄₁ − x̄₂ = 146 − 141.5 = 4.5
标准误
SE = √(7²/40 + 16²/50) = 2.519
误差范围
E = 2.576·2.519 = 6.489
区间
4.5 ± 6.489 → [−1.989, 10.99]
答案
下限 = −1.989 h
区间包含 0,所以数据没有显示出显著差异。
6.置信区间
答案: n = 210
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
解出 n
n = (1.645·22/2.5)² = 209.6
向上取整
样本量是整数,向下取整会使误差范围过大。
n = 210
答案
n = 210
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −0.5988
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
差值的标准误
SE = √(18²/60 + 18²/40) = √13.5 = 3.674
检验统计量
z = (107.5 − 109.7)/3.674 = −0.5988
答案
z = −0.5988
|z| < 1.96,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −0.804
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.