描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = −1.5
标准正态分布表
Φ(−1.5) = 0.06681
P = 1 − 0.06681 = 0.9332
答案
P = 0.9332
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 1.37
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
合并方差
sp² = (4·3² + 8·10.5²)/12 = 76.5
sp = 8.746
标准误
SE = 8.746·√(1/5 + 1/9) = 4.879
检验统计量
t = (83 − 87.9)/4.879 = −1.004
答案
t = −1.004
df = 12 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.179;|t| 更小,所以不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: L = 120.5
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。