描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (82 − 70)/12 = 1
答案
z = 1
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 4.4
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
误差范围之比
E₂/E₁ = (1.96/1.96)·√(64/256) = 0.5
新的误差范围
E₂ = 8.8·0.5 = 4.4
答案
E₂ = 4.4
6.置信区间
答案: n = 16590
Confidence interval for a proportion: p̂ ± z·√(p̂(1 − p̂)/n), where p̂ = x/n. To reach a margin E you need n ≥ z²·p(1 − p)/E², rounded up; without a prior estimate use p = 0.5, which gives the largest n.
解出 n
n = 2.576²·0.5·0.5/0.01² = 16589
向上取整
n = 16590
答案
n = 16590
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −2.653
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
差值的标准误
SE = √(6²/100 + 4²/60) = √0.6267 = 0.7916
检验统计量
z = (101 − 103.1)/0.7916 = −2.653
答案
z = −2.653
|z| > 1.96,所以在 5% 水平下拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −2.392
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.