描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = −1.2
标准正态分布表
Φ(−1.2) = 0.1151
P = 0.1151
答案
P = 0.1151
5.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 38.66
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 6, t = 2.447
误差范围
E = 2.447·4.5/√7 = 4.162
区间
34.5 ± 4.162 → [30.34, 38.66]
答案
上限 = 38.66
6.置信区间
答案: E = 4.062 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (9·5.5² + 11·5.5²)/20 = 30.25
sp = 5.5
误差范围
E = 1.725·5.5·√(1/10 + 1/12) = 4.062
答案
E = 4.062 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: p = 0.02275
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
检验统计量
SE = σ/√n = 36/√144 = 3
z = (56 − 50)/3 = 2
尾部面积
Φ(2) = 0.9772
1 − Φ(2) = 0.0228
p 值
p = 0.02275
答案
p = 0.02275
p ≤ 0.05,所以在 5% 水平下拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: U = 118.9
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。