描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = −1.2
标准正态分布表
Φ(−1.2) = 0.1151
P = 1 − 0.1151 = 0.8849
答案
P = 0.8849
5.置信区间
答案: 下限 = 64
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 9, t = 3.25
误差范围
E = 3.25·18/√10 = 18.5
区间
82.5 ± 18.5 → [64, 101]
答案
下限 = 64
6.置信区间
答案: 上限 = −0.5777 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (6·4² + 4·4²)/10 = 16
sp = 4
误差范围
E = 3.169·4·√(1/7 + 1/5) = 7.422
区间
−8 ± 7.422 → [−15.42, −0.5777]
答案
上限 = −0.5777 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −0.9905
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
差值的标准误
SE = √(7²/100 + 15²/80) = √3.302 = 1.817
检验统计量
z = (125 − 126.8)/1.817 = −0.9905
答案
z = −0.9905
|z| < 1.96,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 28
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。