描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 2
标准正态分布表
Φ(2) = 0.9772
P = 0.9772
答案
P = 0.9772
5.置信区间
答案: 下限 = 90.47
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 11, t = 3.106
误差范围
E = 3.106·4.5/√12 = 4.035
区间
94.5 ± 4.035 → [90.47, 98.53]
答案
下限 = 90.47
6.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 14.92 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (8·9² + 7·7²)/15 = 66.07
sp = 8.128
误差范围
E = 1.753·8.128·√(1/9 + 1/8) = 6.924
区间
8 ± 6.924 → [1.076, 14.92]
答案
上限 = 14.92 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = −1.101
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
合并方差
sp² = (5·4² + 15·8²)/20 = 52
sp = 7.211
标准误
SE = 7.211·√(1/6 + 1/16) = 3.452
检验统计量
t = (40.5 − 44.3)/3.452 = −1.101
答案
t = −1.101
df = 20 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.086;|t| 更小,所以不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 460
检验的样本量:在水平 α 下的单侧 z 检验中,要以功效 1 − β 检测出真实偏移 δ,标准误必须满足 δ = (z_α + z_β)·σ/√n,所以 n = ((z_α + z_β)·σ/δ)²,向上取整。