描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (155 − 170)/10 = −1.5
答案
z = −1.5
5.置信区间
答案: 下限 = −6.913 h
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
点估计
x̄₁ − x̄₂ = 109 − 107.5 = 1.5
标准误
SE = √(16²/30 + 8²/30) = 3.266
误差范围
E = 2.576·3.266 = 8.413
区间
1.5 ± 8.413 → [−6.913, 9.913]
答案
下限 = −6.913 h
区间包含 0,所以数据没有显示出显著差异。
6.置信区间
答案: n = 4719
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
解出 n
n = (2.576·40/1.5)² = 4719
向上取整
样本量是整数,向下取整会使误差范围过大。
n = 4719
答案
n = 4719
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = 4
Testing a mean: the test statistic measures how many standard errors the sample mean lies from the value claimed in H₀: z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n) when σ is known, t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n) when it is estimated from the sample. A confidence interval is x̄ ± (critical value)·(standard error).