描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 1.25
标准正态分布表
Φ(1.25) = 0.8944
P = 1 − 0.8944 = 0.1056
答案
P = 0.1056
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 3.154
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
合并方差
sp² = (5·8.5² + 7·2.5²)/12 = 33.75
sp = 5.809
标准误
SE = 5.809·√(1/6 + 1/8) = 3.137
检验统计量
t = (26 − 15.6)/3.137 = 3.315
答案
t = 3.315
df = 12 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.179;|t| 更大,所以拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 16
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。