热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
各层热阻
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (150/1000)/(0.04·6) = 0.625 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (25/1000)/(0.72·6) = 0.005787 K/W
热流量
Q̇ = (T1 − T3)/(R1 + R2) = 33/0.6308 = 52.32 W
答案
Q̇ = 52.32 W
2.热传导
答案: Q̇ = 43.7 W
热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
串联热阻
Ri = 1/(hiA) = 1/(7.7·20) = 0.006494 K/W
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (200/1000)/(0.04·20) = 0.25 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (75/1000)/(0.035·20) = 0.1071 K/W
Ro = 1/(hoA) = 1/(20·20) = 0.0025 K/W
ΣR = 0.3661 K/W
热损失
Q̇ = (20 − (4))/0.3661 = 43.7 W
答案
Q̇ = 43.7 W
3.换热器 (LMTD)
答案: U = 346.6 W/(m²·K)
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.