1公式与方法
护理预科数学(入学考试)
- 运算顺序
- 括号 → 指数 → × ÷(从左到右)→ + −(从左到右)
- 分数
- a/b + c/d = (ad + bc)/bd, a/b × c/d = ac/bd, a/b ÷ c/d = a/b × d/c
- 百分比
- N 的 p% = (p/100)·N;百分数 = 部分/整体 × 100
- 百分比变化
- (新值 − 原值)/原值 × 100
- 先打折,再加税
- 价格 × (1 − d/100) × (1 + t/100)
- 比例
- a/b = c/d → ad = bc
- 平均数、中位数、众数、极差
- 总和/个数;排序后的中间值;出现最频繁的值;最大值 − 最小值
- 长度、容量、时间
- 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm, 1 ft = 12 in, 1 yd = 3 ft, 1 mi = 5280 ft, 1 gal = 4 qt = 16 cups, 1 h = 60 min
- 温度
- °F = °C·9/5 + 32, °C = (°F − 32)·5/9; 1 °C 的变化量 = 1.8 °F
- 面积
- 长方形 l·w, 三角形 ½·b·h, 圆 π·r²
- 周长与圆周长
- 长方形 2l + 2w, 圆 π·d = 2π·r
- 体积
- 长方体 l·w·h, 圆柱 π·r²·h; 1000 cm³ = 1 L
- 速率
- 距离 ÷ 时间(mph 或 km/h 的时间以小时计)
方法
- 先读最后一句:到底问的是什么,要什么单位或形式(最简形式、精确到分、保留一位小数)?
- 把数写成同一种形式:带分数化成假分数,百分数化成小数,小时和分钟化成同一个单位。
- 选择方法:表达式用 PEMDAS,分数加减用公分母,百分数用部分 ÷ 整体 × 100,比例用交叉相乘,方程用逆运算。
- 一次做一步,并把每一行都写下来;只在最后才取整。
- 用估算检查答案的大小,方程的答案要代回去检验。
护理数学与单位换算
- 公制进位
- 1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
- 体重和长度
- 1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
- 家用计量
- 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
- 温度
- °C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
- 24 小时制
- PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
- 给药速率
- mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
- 实验室换算系数
- 葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L
方法
- 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
- 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
- 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
- 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
- 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。
阅读理解(入学考试)
方法
- 先读问题,这样你就知道要找什么。
- 快速浏览短文,了解其主题和要点;第一句或最后一句往往会点明。
- 回到能回答该问题的那几行原文。
- 对于推断题,选择线索最有力支持的选项,而不是推得更远的选项。
- 对于标签和表格,应用所有适用于该情形的规则,并仔细完成小的计算。
医疗保健词汇(入学考试)
方法
- 读完整个句子,寻找上下文线索:定义、对比、举例或因果关系。
- 把不熟悉的词拆成前缀、词根和后缀,并分别翻译每一部分。
- 从后缀往回读医学术语(hepat-itis:肝脏的炎症)。
- 把每个选项代入句子,检查意思是否仍然通顺。
- 选择在这个句子中使用的含义,即使这个词还有其他日常含义。
英语语法与语言运用(入学考试)
方法
- 选择形式之前,先找出句子的主语和动词。
- 去掉短语(of the …, along with …)和多余的人称(you and …),再检验一致和代词的格。
- 检查每个分句:它能独立成句吗?用逗号加连词或分号连接独立分句。
- 检查修饰语和并列项:修饰短语紧挨着被修饰的词,并列项的形式要相同。
- 选词和语体方面,选择准确、正式而简洁的选项。
护理入学考试生物
方法
- 说出这道题的主题:细胞结构、物质运输、细胞分裂、DNA 与蛋白质合成、遗传、生物分子、微生物或实验设计。
- 回忆关键规则:A–T 和 G–C,扩散由高浓度向低浓度,水向溶质更多的一侧移动,有丝分裂保持而减数分裂减半染色体数目。
- 对于杂交,先写出亲本的基因型,列出配子,并填好庞尼特方格再计数。
- 对于实验,标出自变量、因变量和控制变量,并问一问证据是支持还是仅仅提示了结论。
- 把每个选项与所问的问题对照,而不是只看它是不是一句真话。
护理入学考试化学
方法
- 找出已知和所求:粒子、公式、状态变化、浓度、pH 或质量。
- 利用元素周期表:原子序数给出质子数,族给出价电子数和常见的离子电荷。
- 只用系数来配平方程式,逐个元素配平,最后配氧和氢。
- 对于量的计算,按质量 → 摩尔 → 摩尔比 → 摩尔 → 质量的路径,溶液则用 M = mol/L 和 C₁V₁ = C₂V₂。
- 记住 pH 是对数标度:一个单位相差 10 倍。
2练习题
1.护理预科数学(入学考试)中等
用运算顺序求 x 的值:x = 40 − 4³ + 3 × 2。
x = 40 − 4³ + 3 × 2
x =
2.护理预科数学(入学考试)困难
饼图显示了一家医院的 200 名员工在 A 到 C 各部门之间的分布。 部门 C 的扇形角度 θ 是多少度?
θ = °
3.护理数学与单位换算中等
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 5.0033 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
5.0033 mL
x = mL
4.护理数学与单位换算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 20:55 开始,到次日早晨 04:50 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
20:5504:50
t = min
5.阅读理解(入学考试)中等
Since the city added bike lanes on Main Street two years ago, the number of cyclists on that street has tripled, and accidents involving cyclists have fallen by half. Which conclusion is best supported by the passage?
- AMain Street had no cyclists before the lanes.
- BCyclists on Main Street no longer wear helmets.
- CMore people cycled on Main Street after the bike lanes were added.
- DBike lanes will reduce all kinds of car accidents in every city.
6.阅读理解(入学考试)困难
A clinic policy reads: “Patients more than 15 minutes late may be asked to rebook. Patients who call ahead to say they are running late will be seen if time allows.” A patient arrives 20 minutes late without calling. What is most likely to happen?
- AThe patient must pay a fine before leaving.
- BThe patient may be asked to book another time.
- CThe patient will be seen immediately.
- DThe patient’s next visit will be cancelled.
7.医疗保健词汇(入学考试)中等
Choose the meaning of the words in bold: “The patient gave informed consent before the operation.”
- AAgreement given after understanding the risks and benefits
- BA refusal of treatment after hearing about the risks
- CA signature given without any explanation of the planned procedure
- DA decision made by the family on the patient’s behalf
8.医疗保健词汇(入学考试)困难
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “Firm pressure was applied to achieve haemostasis.”
- AThe formation of a bruise
- BAn increase in blood flow
- CThe stopping of bleeding
- DA normal blood pressure
9.英语语法与语言运用(入学考试)中等
Which sentence uses a pronoun that agrees with its antecedent?
- AEach of the boxes have its own label.
- BEach of the boxes has its own label.
- CEach of the boxes has it’s own label.
- DEach of the boxes has their own label.
10.英语语法与语言运用(入学考试)困难
Which revision corrects the fragment? “The nurse who works on the third floor.”
- AThe nurse who works on the third floor, and my aunt.
- BWho works on the third floor, the nurse.
- CThe nurse who works on the third floor is my aunt.
- DThe nurse, who works on the third floor.
11.人体解剖学中等
左心房和左心室之间是哪个瓣膜?
- A肺动脉瓣
- B主动脉瓣
- C二尖瓣
- D三尖瓣
12.人体解剖学困难
肘部内上髁受伤后,患者小指麻木,手指外展无力。受累的是哪条神经?
- A正中神经
- B尺神经
- C桡神经
- D肌皮神经
13.人体生理学中等
既然动作电位是"全或无"的,神经元如何传递更强的刺激?
- A使每个动作电位更大
- B改变所释放的神经递质
- C更频繁地发放动作电位
- D使每个动作电位更长
14.人体生理学困难
在肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统中,血管紧张素 I 主要在哪里转化为血管紧张素 II?
- A肝
- B肾的球旁细胞
- C肺
- D肾上腺皮质
15.护理入学考试生物中等
By which process does oxygen enter a cell and carbon dioxide leave it?
- ASimple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
- BEndocytosis in small vesicles
- CFacilitated diffusion through glucose carriers
- DActive transport by membrane pumps
16.护理入学考试生物困难
Why can O-negative red blood cells be given to patients of almost any blood type in an emergency?
- AThey have no haemoglobin to react with
- BThey carry all of the A, B and RhD antigens
- CTheir plasma contains anti-A and anti-B antibodies
- DThey carry no A, B or RhD antigens
17.护理入学考试化学中等
Why does water boil at a lower temperature at the top of a high mountain?
- AThe air is colder, so the water loses heat and boils sooner
- BThe air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
- CGravity is weaker, so the molecules escape more easily
- DThere is less oxygen dissolved in the water up there
18.护理入学考试化学困难
Diamond is extremely hard and has a very high melting point. Which explanation is correct?
- AEach carbon is covalently bonded to four others in a giant network
- BIt is held together by ionic bonds between C⁺ and C⁻ ions
- CIt is made of separate small molecules with strong forces between them
- DIt contains delocalised electrons like a metal
3溶液
1.护理预科数学(入学考试)
答案: x = −18
运算顺序(PEMDAS/BODMAS):先算括号里面的,然后算指数(乘方),再从左到右算乘法和除法,最后从左到右算加法和减法。乘法并不先于除法,加法也并不先于减法:每一对都按出现的先后顺序计算。括号里的负数平方时保留符号:(−3)² = 9,而 −3² = −9。
一次只做一种运算
4³ 表示 4 × 4 × 4。
x = 40 − 4³ + 3 × 2
= 40 − 64 + 3 × 2
= 40 − 64 + 6
= −24 + 6
2.护理预科数学(入学考试)
答案: θ = 90 °
读图表:先读标题、类别和刻度。在条形图或折线图上,从条形顶端或点向纵轴水平看过去;每条网格线是刻度的一格。饼图表示整体的各个部分:p% 的扇形代表总量的 p%,其角度为 360° 的 p%。
3.护理数学与单位换算
答案: x = 5 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
只看下一位数字
5.0033 → 0
0 小于或等于 4,所以 0 不变。
后面的数字(33)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。
4.护理数学与单位换算
答案: t = 475 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
5.阅读理解(入学考试)
答案: C · More people cycled on Main Street after the bike lanes were added.
为什么是这个答案
The passage says the number of cyclists tripled after the lanes were added. It says nothing about all cities, helmets or zero cyclists before.
C · More people cycled on Main Street after the bike lanes were added.
6.阅读理解(入学考试)
答案: B · The patient may be asked to book another time.
为什么是这个答案
The patient is more than 15 minutes late and did not call ahead, so the first rule applies: they may be asked to rebook. No fine or cancellation is mentioned.
B · The patient may be asked to book another time.
7.医疗保健词汇(入学考试)
答案: A · Agreement given after understanding the risks and benefits
为什么是这个答案
Informed consent is voluntary agreement to treatment by a person who understands what it involves, its risks, benefits and alternatives.
A · Agreement given after understanding the risks and benefits
8.医疗保健词汇(入学考试)
答案: C · The stopping of bleeding
为什么是这个答案
Haemostasis (US: hemostasis) is the process of stopping bleeding.
C · The stopping of bleeding
9.英语语法与语言运用(入学考试)
答案: B · Each of the boxes has its own label.
为什么是这个答案
“Each” takes a singular verb (has) and, for things, the singular possessive “its”. “It’s” means “it is”.
B · Each of the boxes has its own label.
10.英语语法与语言运用(入学考试)
答案: C · The nurse who works on the third floor is my aunt.
为什么是这个答案
“Who works” belongs to a relative clause, so the subject “The nurse” still needs its own verb. A adds the main verb “is”.
C · The nurse who works on the third floor is my aunt.
11.人体解剖学
答案: C · 二尖瓣
为什么是这个答案
二尖瓣分隔左心房和左心室;右侧由三尖瓣起同样作用。
12.人体解剖学
答案: B · 尺神经
为什么是这个答案
尺神经经过内上髁后方。它支配包括骨间肌在内的大部分手内在肌,以及小指的皮肤。
13.人体生理学
答案: C · 更频繁地发放动作电位
为什么是这个答案
刺激强度由动作电位的频率和被募集的神经元数量编码,而不是由其幅度编码。
14.人体生理学
答案: C · 肺
为什么是这个答案
肾素(肾)把血管紧张素原(肝)裂解为血管紧张素 I,ACE(主要在肺毛细血管内皮上)再将其转化为血管紧张素 II。
15.护理入学考试生物
答案: A · Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
为什么是这个答案
O₂ and CO₂ are small, nonpolar molecules that pass directly through the lipid bilayer from high to low concentration. No carrier protein and no energy are needed.
A · Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
16.护理入学考试生物
答案: D · They carry no A, B or RhD antigens
为什么是这个答案
O-negative red cells lack A, B and RhD antigens, so the recipient's antibodies have nothing to attack. This is why O negative is called the universal red cell donor.
D · They carry no A, B or RhD antigens
17.护理入学考试化学
答案: B · The air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
为什么是这个答案
At high altitude the atmospheric pressure is lower, so water's vapour pressure reaches it at a lower temperature. Water therefore boils below 100 °C, and food takes longer to cook.
B · The air pressure is lower, so less vapour pressure is needed to boil
18.护理入学考试化学
答案: A · Each carbon is covalently bonded to four others in a giant network
为什么是这个答案
Diamond is a giant covalent (network) structure. Melting it means breaking a huge number of strong covalent bonds, not just weak forces between molecules, so its melting point is very high.
A · Each carbon is covalently bonded to four others in a giant network
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