感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名护士被已知感染 HIV 的患者用过的针头刺伤。为什么必须立即上报?
A patient has a rash, and both smallpox and chickenpox are considered. Which finding suggests smallpox?
An older patient is found to be mildly hypothermic. Which care is most appropriate?
Vaccinating staff against influenza breaks the chain of infection at which link?
胃溃疡最常见的病因是哪种细菌?
一名疑似传染性肺结核的患者入院。需要采取哪些防护措施?
答案: B · 暴露后预防用药在数小时内开始效果最好
用肥皂和水清洗伤口后,护士应立即上报,以便评估暴露情况。HIV 暴露后预防应尽快开始,最好在数小时内,最晚不超过 72 小时。
答案: B · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
In smallpox, lesions develop at the same stage in any one area and are densest on the face and extremities. In chickenpox, crops appear at different stages and are densest on the trunk.
答案: A · Gradual rewarming with blankets and warm surroundings
Gradual passive rewarming with blankets, a warm room and warm drinks if they can swallow is safe for mild hypothermia. Direct heat can burn and rapid rewarming can be dangerous.
答案: D · The susceptible host
Immunisation makes a person no longer susceptible, so the infection cannot establish itself in them. Hand hygiene, by contrast, breaks the mode of transmission.
答案: D · Helicobacter pylori
幽门螺杆菌定植于胃黏膜,产生脲酶在局部中和胃酸。它导致大多数消化性溃疡,治疗采用抗生素加质子泵抑制剂。
答案: D · 空气传播防护,最好使用负压病房,工作人员佩戴呼吸防护口罩
结核分枝杆菌(M. tuberculosis)通过能长时间悬浮的空气飞沫核传播。患者应尽可能住在负压单间,工作人员佩戴 FFP2/FFP3 或 N95 呼吸防护口罩。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety