感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why is keeping a patient warm (normothermia) during surgery part of infection prevention?

  1. ACold makes bacteria grow faster in the operating room air and on the drapes
  2. BWarmth sterilizes the surgical site
  3. CWarm patients do not need antibiotic prophylaxis
  4. DLow body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse finds a patient lying on the floor next to the bed. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AComplete an incident report while the details are fresh
  2. BLift the patient back into bed with a colleague
  3. CAssess the patient for injury before moving them
  4. DTelephone the family to tell them about the fall
3.护理学基础中等

A nurse posts about an "interesting patient" on social media without naming them. Why is this a problem?

  1. AThe patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
  2. BIt is only a problem if the post also includes a photograph of the patient
  3. CIt is not a problem because no name was given
  4. DIt is not a problem if the account is private
4.护理学基础困难

A patient with delirium tries to leave the ward at night, saying they are going home, and would be at serious risk outside. What is correct (England and Wales)?

  1. ALock them in a side room until the morning for their own safety
  2. BAssess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
  3. CGive a sedative without asking anyone
  4. DLet them leave, as all adults are free to go wherever they like
5.微生物学中等

引起唇疱疹和水痘的病毒属于哪个病毒科？

  1. A疱疹病毒
  2. B逆转录病毒
  3. C小 RNA 病毒
  4. D冠状病毒
6.微生物学困难

抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）是：

  1. A在体外杀死 99.9% 细菌接种物的最低浓度
  2. B开始出现副作用时的血浆浓度
  3. C在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度
  4. D患者能耐受的最高剂量

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound

为什么是这个答案

Hypothermia causes vasoconstriction and less oxygen in the wound, which weakens the immune defense. Keeping the patient warm is linked to fewer surgical site infections.

答案

D · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Assess the patient for injury before moving them

为什么是这个答案

The first step is to stay with the patient and assess them, including consciousness, vital signs and signs of fracture or head injury, before deciding how to move them. Notifying the provider, documenting and reporting come afterwards.

答案

C · Assess the patient for injury before moving them
3.护理学基础

答案: A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality

为什么是这个答案

Details such as the ward, the condition or the date can reveal who a patient is. Professional codes forbid sharing patient information on social media, even without names.

答案

A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
4.护理学基础

答案: B · Assess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests

为什么是这个答案

A delirious patient may lack capacity for this decision. Staff can take reasonable, proportionate steps in their best interests, such as calm persuasion and close supervision, while seeking medical review.

答案

B · Assess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
5.微生物学

答案: A · 疱疹病毒

为什么是这个答案

单纯疱疹病毒（唇疱疹）和水痘-带状疱疹病毒（水痘、带状疱疹）都是疱疹病毒，潜伏在感觉神经节中并可再次激活。

答案

A · 疱疹病毒
6.微生物学

答案: C · 在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

为什么是这个答案

MIC 是抑制可见生长的最低浓度。最低杀菌浓度（MBC）是杀死 99.9% 细菌的最低浓度。

答案

C · 在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

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