感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A portable x-ray is taken at the bedside. Which action protects the nurse?
A patient with suspected sepsis has orders for blood cultures and an IV antibiotic. What is the correct order of actions?
A bedbound patient who has not opened their bowels for a week now has liquid stool leaking constantly. What should the nurse suspect?
测量了卧位和立位血压。哪项结果符合直立性低血压的通常定义?
刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)在妊娠期具有风险。哪项建议可以减少接触?
19世纪40年代,伊格纳兹·塞麦尔维斯降低了维也纳一家产科诊所的产褥热死亡率。他引入了什么措施?
答案: B · Step away from the patient or wear a lead apron during the exposure
Radiation exposure falls quickly with distance. Staff leave the immediate area or wear a lead apron, and anyone who must hold a patient wears protective clothing.
答案: D · Draw the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic without delay
Cultures are drawn before the first antibiotic dose so the organism can still be grown and identified. The antibiotic is then given promptly, because delay increases the risk of death in sepsis.
答案: A · Faecal impaction with overflow
Overflow happens when liquid stool seeps around impacted hard faeces. Giving antidiarrhoeal drugs would make it worse; the nurse reports it for assessment and treatment.
答案: B · 站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上
直立性低血压通常定义为站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降至少 20 mmHg 或舒张压下降至少 10 mmHg。它是跌倒评估中的重要发现。
答案: D · 避免清理猫砂,避免食用未煮熟的肉
弓形虫卵囊随猫粪便排出,包囊存在于未煮熟的肉中。妊娠期感染可损害胎儿的大脑和眼睛。
答案: C · 在检查产妇之前用漂白粉(氯化石灰)溶液洗手
塞麦尔维斯注意到,由同时做尸检的医生负责的病房死亡率更高。用漂白粉进行手消毒使死亡人数大幅下降,而那时细菌学说还远未被接受。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety