感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient has received oral radioactive iodine therapy. Which precaution is usually taken?

  1. ALet the patient share a bathroom with other patients
  2. BEncourage pregnant visitors to sit close to the patient to give emotional support
  3. CPlace the patient on droplet precautions with a surgical mask
  4. DLimit time close to the patient and handle body fluids per radiation policy
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on chemotherapy develops shingles over several areas on both sides of the body. Which precautions are needed?

  1. AAirborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
  2. BDroplet precautions until the pain settles
  3. CStandard precautions only, with the lesions covered
  4. DContact precautions only, with gloves for dressing changes
3.护理学基础中等

What is the purpose of the Z-track technique for intramuscular injections?

  1. AIt lets the nurse give a larger volume into a small muscle
  2. BIt seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
  3. CIt makes the injection go into the fatty tissue instead of the muscle
  4. DIt numbs the skin before the needle goes in
4.护理学基础困难

Which newly started medication most increases an older patient's risk of falling?

  1. AA night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
  2. BRegular paracetamol (acetaminophen) for back pain
  3. CA vitamin D supplement
  4. DAn emollient cream for dry skin
5.微生物学中等

胃溃疡最常见的病因是哪种细菌？

  1. AStaphylococcus aureus
  2. BHelicobacter pylori
  3. CClostridioides difficile
  4. DEscherichia coli
6.微生物学困难

朊病毒与所有其他病原体不同，是因为它们：

  1. A只含 RNA，基因组周围没有蛋白质外壳
  2. B只能感染细菌
  3. C能被普通烹饪和消毒杀灭
  4. D不含核酸，由错误折叠的蛋白质构成

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Limit time close to the patient and handle body fluids per radiation policy

为什么是这个答案

Radioactive iodine is excreted in urine, sweat and saliva, so the patient is usually in a private room with their own bathroom. Staff limit time near them, use distance and follow policy for body fluids and waste.

答案

D · Limit time close to the patient and handle body fluids per radiation policy
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted

为什么是这个答案

Lesions over several areas on both sides mean disseminated zoster, which can spread through the air like chickenpox. Airborne and contact precautions are used until all lesions are dry and crusted. Localized zoster in an immunocompromised patient also needs airborne and contact precautions, but only until dissemination is ruled out.

答案

A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
3.护理学基础

答案: B · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above

为什么是这个答案

Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.

答案

B · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
4.护理学基础

答案: A · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine

为什么是这个答案

Sedatives cause drowsiness, slowed reactions and unsteadiness, especially at night and in older adults. Diuretics and drugs that lower blood pressure also raise falls risk.

答案

A · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
5.微生物学

答案: B · Helicobacter pylori

为什么是这个答案

幽门螺杆菌定植于胃黏膜，产生脲酶在局部中和胃酸。它导致大多数消化性溃疡，治疗采用抗生素加质子泵抑制剂。

答案

B · Helicobacter pylori
6.微生物学

答案: D · 不含核酸，由错误折叠的蛋白质构成

为什么是这个答案

朊病毒是错误折叠的蛋白质，能诱导正常蛋白质也发生错误折叠。它们不含 DNA 或 RNA，对常规灭菌非常耐受。

答案

D · 不含核酸，由错误折叠的蛋白质构成

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