感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient has a non-violent restraint. In most nursing policies, how often at minimum is it released for range of motion, toileting and skin care?

  1. AOnce a day, during the bath
  2. BOnly when the patient asks for it
  3. CAt least every 2 hours
  4. DOnce every 12-hour shift
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on oxygen needs an MRI scan. Which plan is safe?

  1. ARemove the oxygen for the scan without telling anyone
  2. BUse only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
  3. CLeave the steel cylinder on the patient’s bed during the scan
  4. DTake the usual steel cylinder into the room if it is tightly strapped to the trolley frame
3.护理学基础中等

While wearing sterile gloves, where should the nurse keep their hands?

  1. AFolded under the armpits to keep warm
  2. BBehind the back when not in use
  3. CAbove waist level and in sight
  4. DResting on the edge of the sterile field
4.护理学基础困难

Why is heat usually avoided on a fresh soft-tissue injury during the first day?

  1. AIt widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
  2. BIt makes the muscles weaker for several weeks
  3. CIt numbs the area so the patient cannot feel pain
  4. DIt narrows blood vessels and reduces blood flow to the injury
5.微生物学中等

胃溃疡最常见的病因是哪种细菌？

  1. AEscherichia coli
  2. BClostridioides difficile
  3. CStaphylococcus aureus
  4. DHelicobacter pylori
6.微生物学困难

为什么流感病毒这样的负链 RNA 病毒必须把自己的 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶带入宿主细胞？

  1. A宿主细胞不能以 RNA 为模板合成 mRNA
  2. B该聚合酶保护病毒免受抗体攻击
  3. C需要该聚合酶把基因组整合到宿主 DNA 中
  4. D宿主核糖体不能读取任何病毒基因

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · At least every 2 hours

为什么是这个答案

Restrained patients are checked often for circulation, skin and comfort, and the restraint is released at least every 2 hours for movement, toileting, fluids and skin care. Exact intervals follow the facility’s policy.

答案

C · At least every 2 hours
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room

为什么是这个答案

Steel oxygen cylinders can become projectiles in an MRI room and cause fatal injuries. Only equipment labeled MRI-safe is used, and the patient’s oxygen needs are planned with the MRI team.

答案

B · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
3.护理学基础

答案: C · Above waist level and in sight

为什么是这个答案

Sterile hands are kept in front of the body, above the waist and within sight, so accidental contamination is noticed. The edge of the field is not sterile.

答案

C · Above waist level and in sight
4.护理学基础

答案: A · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding

为什么是这个答案

Heat causes vasodilation, which can worsen swelling and bleeding in an acute injury. Cold is used first; heat may help later with stiffness.

答案

A · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
5.微生物学

答案: D · Helicobacter pylori

为什么是这个答案

幽门螺杆菌定植于胃黏膜，产生脲酶在局部中和胃酸。它导致大多数消化性溃疡，治疗采用抗生素加质子泵抑制剂。

答案

D · Helicobacter pylori
6.微生物学

答案: A · 宿主细胞不能以 RNA 为模板合成 mRNA

为什么是这个答案

负链基因组必须先被复制成正链 mRNA。人体细胞没有以 RNA 为模板复制 RNA 的酶，所以病毒自带聚合酶。

答案

A · 宿主细胞不能以 RNA 为模板合成 mRNA

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