感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When walking with axillary crutches, where should the patient’s weight be taken?
A patient with a common cold asks for antibiotics “to be on the safe side”. Which response is best?
什么是知情同意?
A patient with COPD and a known risk of hypercapnia is acutely breathless with an SpO₂ of 82%. What is correct?
MRSA 对甲氧西林耐药,是因为它具有:
一名年轻成人有咽痛、发热和淋巴结肿大,服用阿莫西林后出现广泛皮疹。最可能是哪种感染?
答案: A · On the hands, with the crutch tops a few finger widths below the armpits
Weight is taken on the hands and arms. Leaning on the crutch tops can compress the brachial plexus and cause crutch palsy, so a gap is kept between the crutch top and the axilla.
答案: D · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
Colds are caused by viruses, which antibiotics do not kill. Unneeded antibiotics cause side effects and drive resistance, so the nurse explains this and offers advice on managing symptoms.
答案: C · 有决策能力的患者在获得充分信息后自愿作出的同意
有效的同意要求患者有决策能力、获得关于风险、获益和替代方案的充分信息,并自由选择。同意可随时撤回。
答案: B · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
Oxygen must not be withheld from a hypoxic patient. In those at risk of hypercapnia it is given in a controlled way to a target of 88–92%, with blood gases checked.
答案: D · 改变的青霉素结合蛋白(PBP2a)
mecA 基因编码 PBP2a,它与 β-内酰胺类的亲和力低,因此细菌在甲氧西林存在时仍能继续合成细胞壁。
答案: A · 由 Epstein–Barr 病毒引起的传染性单核细胞增多症
传染性单核细胞增多症(腺热)由 EBV 引起。许多患者在患病期间服用阿莫西林后会出现皮疹。由于病因是病毒,抗生素没有帮助。
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