感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A woman who is pregnant asks for the MMR vaccine because she is not immune to rubella. What is correct?

  1. AMMR is safe at any stage of pregnancy
  2. BMMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
  3. CMMR should be given as soon as possible in the first trimester to protect the baby
  4. DMMR is only given to pregnant women who work in hospitals
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

一袋化疗药物泄漏到地板上。第一步是什么？

  1. A穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏
  2. B用纸巾和裸手迅速擦掉
  3. C请保洁员用平常的拖把拖掉
  4. D任其干燥，下班前再清理
3.护理学基础中等

A caller says they are a patient's daughter and asks for details of the patient's condition. What should the nurse do?

  1. ACheck the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first
  2. BGive full details, as close family members have a right to know
  3. CRead out the latest notes over the phone
  4. DHang up without saying anything
4.护理学基础困难

A patient with a slow-healing leg ulcer is eating less than half of their meals. What is the most helpful nursing action?

  1. AWait until the ulcer heals before addressing nutrition
  2. BRefer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake
  3. CGive extra salt to stimulate the appetite
  4. DAsk the patient to drink less to avoid swelling
5.微生物学中等

母乳中的抗体提供哪种免疫？

  1. A人工主动免疫
  2. B天然主动免疫
  3. C人工被动免疫
  4. D天然被动免疫
6.微生物学困难

为什么在感染后的最初几周 HIV 抗体检测可能呈阴性？

  1. A抗体被检测试剂破坏
  2. B病毒在最初几周只藏在红细胞中
  3. CHIV 根本不会引起抗体产生
  4. D机体尚未产生足以检测到的抗体

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery

为什么是这个答案

Live vaccines such as MMR and varicella are not given during pregnancy. A non-immune woman is vaccinated after delivery, and pregnancy is avoided for a period after vaccination.

答案

B · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏

为什么是这个答案

危险药物溢出应使用溢出处理包处理，包括经化疗药物测试的手套、隔离衣和护目装备。应封锁该区域，控制泄漏，清理后作为危险废物处置，并上报。

答案

A · 穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏
3.护理学基础

答案: A · Check the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first

为什么是这个答案

Information is shared only with people the patient has agreed to, and the caller's identity is checked as per policy. Often only limited information is given by phone.

答案

A · Check the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first
4.护理学基础

答案: B · Refer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake

为什么是这个答案

Poor intake delays healing. Screening, dietitian referral, food charts and support with meals, including protein and energy supplements if needed, help the wound heal.

答案

B · Refer to the dietitian and support protein and energy intake
5.微生物学

答案: D · 天然被动免疫

为什么是这个答案

通过母乳传递的抗体（主要是 IgA）提供自然获得的被动免疫。由于没有形成记忆细胞，这种免疫持续时间短。

答案

D · 天然被动免疫
6.微生物学

答案: D · 机体尚未产生足以检测到的抗体

为什么是这个答案

抗体需要数周才会出现。同时检测 p24 抗原的联合检测或病毒 RNA 检测可以缩短这一窗口期。

答案

D · 机体尚未产生足以检测到的抗体

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