感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which information must be documented when a patient is restrained?

  1. AOnly the time the restraint was put on and the time it was taken off
  2. BOnly whether the family agreed to the restraint
  3. CThe reason, alternatives tried, type of restraint, times and regular assessments
  4. DOnly the name of the nurse who applied it and the unit where it happened
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient with a common cold asks for antibiotics “to be on the safe side”. Which response is best?

  1. AAsk the provider to prescribe antibiotics anyway so that the patient is reassured
  2. BSuggest using leftover antibiotics from a previous illness
  3. CTell the patient that antibiotics will shorten the cold by several days
  4. DExplain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
3.护理学基础中等

A catheterised patient has had no urine in the bag for two hours. What should the nurse check first?

  1. AThe tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is
  2. BThe patient's blood glucose level and recent insulin doses
  3. CNothing, as two hours without urine is normal
  4. DWhether the patient has eaten or drunk anything recently
4.护理学基础困难

Which newly started medication most increases an older patient's risk of falling?

  1. AA night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
  2. BAn emollient cream for dry skin
  3. CA vitamin D supplement
  4. DRegular paracetamol (acetaminophen) for back pain
5.微生物学中等

HIV 主要感染并破坏哪些细胞？

  1. ACD4 辅助性 T 细胞
  2. B血小板
  3. C红细胞
  4. D中性粒细胞
6.微生物学困难

一期梅毒的典型表现是：

  1. A感染部位的无痛性溃疡（硬下疳）
  2. B生殖器或口腔上一簇疼痛的小水疱
  3. C心脏和大脑受损
  4. D手掌和足底的广泛皮疹

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · The reason, alternatives tried, type of restraint, times and regular assessments

为什么是这个答案

Restraint documentation includes the behavior that made it necessary, less restrictive measures tried, the order, the type used, the times applied and released, and ongoing checks of circulation, skin, needs and mental state.

答案

C · The reason, alternatives tried, type of restraint, times and regular assessments
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria

为什么是这个答案

Colds are caused by viruses, which antibiotics do not kill. Unneeded antibiotics cause side effects and drive resistance, so the nurse explains this and offers advice on managing symptoms.

答案

D · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
3.护理学基础

答案: A · The tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is

为什么是这个答案

Kinked or trapped tubing, a bag above bladder level or a blocked catheter are common causes. If these are fine, the patient is assessed for low output and the doctor informed.

答案

A · The tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is
4.护理学基础

答案: A · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine

为什么是这个答案

Sedatives cause drowsiness, slowed reactions and unsteadiness, especially at night and in older adults. Diuretics and drugs that lower blood pressure also raise falls risk.

答案

A · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
5.微生物学

答案: A · CD4 辅助性 T 细胞

为什么是这个答案

HIV 与辅助性 T 细胞上的 CD4 及一个辅助受体结合。这些细胞的丧失会削弱体液免疫和细胞免疫，最终导致艾滋病。

答案

A · CD4 辅助性 T 细胞
6.微生物学

答案: A · 感染部位的无痛性溃疡（硬下疳）

为什么是这个答案

梅毒螺旋体（Treponema pallidum）在一期引起无痛性硬下疳。二期出现皮疹和全身症状，三期梅毒可损害心脏和神经系统。疼痛性水疱提示疱疹。

答案

A · 感染部位的无痛性溃疡（硬下疳）

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