感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
两名感染同一种病原体的患者入院,没有可用的单人间。下列哪项是可接受的做法?
A patient dies after a wrong-drug error, and the hospital carries out a root cause analysis. What is its main focus?
Which approach suits teaching an older adult with poor eyesight and mild memory problems?
The daughter of a dying patient is upset that her mother has stopped eating. What is the best response?
mRNA 疫苗如何产生免疫力?
HIV 等逆转录病毒如何把自己的基因组复制到宿主 DNA 中?
答案: C · 根据感染控制建议,将他们安置在同一房间(集中隔离)
单人间不足时,感染同一种病原体(且无其他感染)的患者可以同住一室(集中隔离),并继续执行预防措施。感染控制人员会对此提供建议。
答案: D · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
A root cause analysis looks beyond the individual to the system factors, such as storage, labeling, staffing or workflow, that allowed the error. The aim is to change the system so the error cannot happen again.
答案: A · Short sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points
Older learners benefit from short, focused sessions, clear large print, good lighting, repetition and teach-back. Involving family can help but should not replace teaching the patient.
答案: A · Explain that losing appetite is a natural part of dying
As death approaches, the need for food and fluid falls. Forcing food causes distress and aspiration. Mouth care and small amounts on request keep the patient comfortable.
答案: D · 人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白,免疫系统学会识别它
mRNA 被细胞翻译成一种抗原,例如冠状病毒的刺突蛋白,免疫系统对其产生应答。mRNA 随后被降解,不会进入细胞核。
答案: C · 逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA,整合酶将其插入
逆转录酶把 RNA 基因组转变为 DNA,整合酶再把它作为前病毒插入宿主基因组。这两种酶都是药物靶点。
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