感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
During routine handwashing with soap and water (medical asepsis), how are the hands held?
一名护士正准备给予静脉吗啡。患者的呼吸频率为 9 次/分,非常嗜睡。护士应怎么做?
When should blood cultures be taken in a patient with suspected sepsis?
A patient wants to keep taking St John's wort, a herbal remedy, while in hospital. Why should the nurse tell the prescriber?
ELISA 检测的是什么?
一名疑似传染性肺结核的患者入院。需要采取哪些防护措施?
答案: D · Lower than the elbows, so water runs off the fingertips
For routine handwashing, hands are held lower than the elbows so dirty water flows off the fingertips into the sink, not up the arms. For a surgical scrub, the opposite applies.
答案: D · 暂停给药,评估患者并通知开医嘱者
呼吸减慢和镇静提示阿片类药物过量,再给一剂可能导致呼吸停止。护士应暂停给药,刺激并评估患者,按医嘱准备纳洛酮并上报升级。
答案: A · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
Taking cultures first gives the best chance of identifying the organism. They are collected with strict asepsis, but antibiotics must not be delayed in sepsis.
答案: A · It interacts with many medicines and can reduce their effect
St John's wort induces liver enzymes and can lower levels of drugs such as warfarin and the contraceptive pill. All herbal and over-the-counter products are recorded and reviewed.
答案: D · 利用能引起颜色变化的酶检测特异性抗原或抗体
在酶联免疫吸附试验中,与酶相连的抗体结合目标物。加入底物后会产生颜色,从而显示抗原或抗体是否存在。
答案: A · 空气传播防护,最好使用负压病房,工作人员佩戴呼吸防护口罩
结核分枝杆菌(M. tuberculosis)通过能长时间悬浮的空气飞沫核传播。患者应尽可能住在负压单间,工作人员佩戴 FFP2/FFP3 或 N95 呼吸防护口罩。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety