感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Hair must be removed from a planned surgical site. Which method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?

  1. AShaving with a razor just before the incision
  2. BUsing wax strips on the morning of surgery
  3. CClipping with electric clippers just before surgery
  4. DShaving with a disposable razor the night before surgery
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient takes medicines prescribed by several providers. Which advice best reduces the risk of medication errors at home?

  1. AStop taking any medicine that seems to repeat another one, without asking anyone
  2. BKeep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
  3. CKeep each provider’s medicines in separate bags
  4. DOnly tell each provider about the drugs they prescribed
3.护理学基础中等

What is the purpose of the Z-track technique for intramuscular injections?

  1. AIt makes the injection go into the fatty tissue instead of the muscle
  2. BIt numbs the skin before the needle goes in
  3. CIt seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
  4. DIt lets the nurse give a larger volume into a small muscle
4.护理学基础困难

A nurse uses SBAR to call a doctor about a breathless patient. Which item belongs under "Background"?

  1. A"I am calling about Mr Smith in bed 4, who is very breathless."
  2. BHis respiratory rate is 30 and his SpO₂ is 86% on 2 L of oxygen
  3. CThe patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
  4. D"Please come and review him within the next 10 minutes."
5.微生物学中等

刚地弓形虫（Toxoplasma gondii）在妊娠期具有风险。哪项建议可以减少接触？

  1. A避免清理猫砂，避免食用未煮熟的肉
  2. B避免去游泳池和所有其他公共浴场
  3. C避免接触狗
  4. D避免食用所有水果和蔬菜
6.微生物学困难

金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）食物中毒在进食后仅1–6小时就开始发作。为什么这么快？

  1. A细菌立即侵入血液
  2. B细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素
  3. C免疫系统在几分钟内对细菌产生反应
  4. D细菌在肠道内繁殖得非常快并侵入肠壁

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery

为什么是这个答案

Razors cause tiny skin cuts that bacteria can colonize, which raises the infection risk. If hair must be removed, clippers are used close to the time of surgery.

答案

C · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Keep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible

为什么是这个答案

A single complete medication list and one pharmacy allow interactions and duplicates to be detected. The list, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, is shown at every visit.

答案

B · Keep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
3.护理学基础

答案: C · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above

为什么是这个答案

Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.

答案

C · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
4.护理学基础

答案: C · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia

为什么是这个答案

SBAR is Situation (why you are calling), Background (relevant history), Assessment (your findings) and Recommendation (what you need). Clear structure speeds up the response.

答案

C · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
5.微生物学

答案: A · 避免清理猫砂，避免食用未煮熟的肉

为什么是这个答案

弓形虫卵囊随猫粪便排出，包囊存在于未煮熟的肉中。妊娠期感染可损害胎儿的大脑和眼睛。

答案

A · 避免清理猫砂，避免食用未煮熟的肉
6.微生物学

答案: B · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

为什么是这个答案

S. aureus 在放置于温热环境的食物中产生肠毒素。食物被吃下时毒素已经存在，并且能耐受重新加热，因此症状很快出现。

答案

B · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

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