感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient is on suicide precautions. Which room safety measure is appropriate?

  1. AKeep the door closed at all times so the patient has privacy
  2. BRemove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
  3. CLet the patient keep a personal razor for shaving, as long as staff are told
  4. DAllow glass bottles if the patient seems calm
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse notices that the pharmacy has sent the wrong dose and corrects it before giving it. Should the event be reported?

  1. AOnly if the same error happens three times
  2. BNo, because reporting near misses only blames the pharmacy staff for nothing
  3. CNo, because the patient was not harmed
  4. DYes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
3.护理学基础中等

Before fitting anti-embolism stockings, what should the nurse do?

  1. AChoose a size by looking at the patient's shoe size and weight
  2. BFit them over existing bandages or wounds
  3. CMeasure the legs to get the right size and check for arterial disease
  4. DFit the tightest size available so the stockings give the best effect
4.护理学基础困难

In a patient with sepsis, what does a raised blood lactate suggest?

  1. AThe kidneys are making too much urine
  2. BThe infection has been cured
  3. CThe tissues are not getting enough oxygen
  4. DThe patient has eaten recently
5.微生物学中等

哪种生物是烧伤和囊性纤维化患者感染的常见病原，并能产生绿色色素？

  1. APseudomonas aeruginosa
  2. BHelicobacter pylori
  3. CClostridium tetani
  4. DStreptococcus pyogenes
6.微生物学困难

哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播？

  1. A丙型和戊型肝炎
  2. B乙型和丁型肝炎
  3. C乙型和丙型肝炎
  4. D甲型和戊型肝炎

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords

为什么是这个答案

Patients at risk of suicide need a safe environment, with belts, cords, sharp objects and glass removed, and observation at the level ordered. Privacy is secondary to safety in this situation.

答案

B · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed

为什么是这个答案

Near misses show where errors can slip through and are reported in the same way as errors that reach the patient. Learning from them prevents future harm.

答案

D · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
3.护理学基础

答案: C · Measure the legs to get the right size and check for arterial disease

为什么是这个答案

Wrong-sized stockings can cause skin damage or a tourniquet effect. They are not used in significant peripheral arterial disease, and the skin is checked daily.

答案

C · Measure the legs to get the right size and check for arterial disease
4.护理学基础

答案: C · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen

为什么是这个答案

When tissues are poorly perfused they switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate in sepsis signals higher risk and the need for urgent treatment.

答案

C · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen
5.微生物学

答案: A · Pseudomonas aeruginosa

为什么是这个答案

铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）是烧伤、机械通气患者和囊性纤维化患者肺部的机会性病原体。它对许多抗生素天然耐药。

答案

A · Pseudomonas aeruginosa
6.微生物学

答案: D · 甲型和戊型肝炎

为什么是这个答案

甲型（A）和戊型（E）肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播，并可引起慢性感染。

答案

D · 甲型和戊型肝炎

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety