感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient is booked for an MRI scan. What must the nurse check beforehand?
A patient is on contact precautions. Which task is appropriate for the nurse to delegate to assistive personnel?
下列哪个患者目标是按 SMART 原则书写的?
A patient describes burning, shooting pain with pins and needles in both feet. Which type of pain is most likely?
胃溃疡最常见的病因是哪种细菌?
为什么在感染后的最初几周 HIV 抗体检测可能呈阴性?
答案: B · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
The MRI magnet can move or heat metal objects and can stop some implanted devices from working. Patients are screened for implants, pacemakers, metal fragments and metal items such as jewelry before entering the scanner room.
答案: B · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
Assistive personnel can carry out routine care for a stable patient, using the correct PPE. Assessment, teaching and clinical judgement, such as deciding when to stop precautions, cannot be delegated to them.
答案: D · 患者将在周五前借助助行架行走 20 米
SMART 目标明确说明期望什么、如何衡量以及在什么时间之前完成。"周五前借助助行架行走 20 米"可以核查;"感觉好一些"则不能。
答案: D · Neuropathic pain
Neuropathic pain comes from damage to nerves, for example in diabetes, and is often burning, shooting or tingling. It may respond poorly to standard analgesics and need specific drugs.
答案: C · Helicobacter pylori
幽门螺杆菌定植于胃黏膜,产生脲酶在局部中和胃酸。它导致大多数消化性溃疡,治疗采用抗生素加质子泵抑制剂。
答案: A · 机体尚未产生足以检测到的抗体
抗体需要数周才会出现。同时检测 p24 抗原的联合检测或病毒 RNA 检测可以缩短这一窗口期。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety