感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A new antibiotic is prescribed for a patient. What should the nurse check before giving the first dose?

  1. AThe patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
  2. BOnly the time of the patient’s last meal and drink
  3. CThe patient’s preferred pharmacy
  4. DOnly the patient’s blood pressure and pulse before giving the drug
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

Only one airborne infection isolation room (negative pressure) is free. Which newly admitted patient should be placed in it?

  1. AA patient with confirmed seasonal influenza and a cough
  2. BA patient with C. difficile diarrhea
  3. CA patient with an MRSA wound infection
  4. DA patient with suspected active pulmonary tuberculosis
3.护理学基础中等

Why should reddened skin over a bony area not be massaged?

  1. AMassage makes the redness spread to other areas
  2. BMassage hides early signs of infection
  3. CMassage can damage the deeper tissues further
  4. DMassage is only allowed when done by a physiotherapist
4.护理学基础困难

Before giving a PRN dose of oral morphine, which assessment is most important?

  1. AThe patient's last bowel movement
  2. BThe respiratory rate and level of sedation
  3. CThe patient's weight and height, recorded on admission
  4. DThe patient's blood glucose level
5.微生物学中等

由病毒把细菌基因从一个细菌转移到另一个细菌称为：

  1. A转录
  2. B转化
  3. C接合
  4. D转导
6.微生物学困难

为什么克拉维酸等 β-内酰胺酶抑制剂要与阿莫西林联用？

  1. A它们减慢肾脏对阿莫西林的排泄，使其水平升高
  2. B它们本身通过细胞膜杀死细菌
  3. C它们使阿莫西林对病毒有效
  4. D它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient

为什么是这个答案

Before any new drug, the nurse checks recorded allergies and asks the patient directly about past reactions. The patient is then watched closely after the first dose.

答案

A · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · A patient with suspected active pulmonary tuberculosis

为什么是这个答案

Tuberculosis needs airborne precautions in a negative-pressure room. Influenza needs droplet precautions and MRSA and C. difficile need contact precautions, which can be given in an ordinary single room.

答案

D · A patient with suspected active pulmonary tuberculosis
3.护理学基础

答案: C · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further

为什么是这个答案

Massaging red, pressure-damaged areas can tear small blood vessels and worsen tissue damage. Pressure is relieved by repositioning instead.

答案

C · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
4.护理学基础

答案: B · The respiratory rate and level of sedation

为什么是这个答案

Opioids can cause sedation and respiratory depression. Checking breathing and alertness before each dose, as well as the pain score, keeps the patient safe.

答案

B · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
5.微生物学

答案: D · 转导

为什么是这个答案

在转导中，噬菌体意外地包装了细菌 DNA，并将其递送给它感染的下一个细胞。转化是摄取游离 DNA，接合则依靠直接接触。

答案

D · 转导
6.微生物学

答案: D · 它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解

为什么是这个答案

β-内酰胺酶会水解 β-内酰胺环。克拉维酸与这些酶结合，使阿莫西林对产 β-内酰胺酶的细菌保持活性。

答案

D · 它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解

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