感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient cannot bear weight and cannot help with transfers. Which method is safest to move the patient from bed to chair?

  1. ATwo nurses lifting the patient under the arms
  2. BAsking the patient to stand and try their best
  3. CA mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
  4. DOne nurse doing a standing pivot transfer
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse has a needlestick from a patient known to have hepatitis C. Which statement about management is correct?

  1. AThe hepatitis C vaccine series is started at once, with a booster dose six months later
  2. BHepatitis C immune globulin is given within 24 hours, followed by a booster dose
  3. CNo follow-up is needed because hepatitis C does not spread by needles
  4. DThere is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
3.护理学基础中等

During a manual blood pressure measurement in an adult, which point is usually recorded as the diastolic pressure?

  1. AWhen the cuff is fully deflated
  2. BWhen the sounds disappear completely
  3. CWhen the sounds become loudest
  4. DWhen the first clear tapping sound is heard
4.护理学基础困难

测量了卧位和立位血压。哪项结果符合直立性低血压的通常定义?

  1. A静止站立 10 分钟后收缩压下降 5 mmHg 或以上
  2. B站立时收缩压上升 20 mmHg
  3. C站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上
  4. D站立时心率增加每分钟 5 次
5.微生物学中等

为什么高疫苗接种覆盖率也能保护尚不能接种疫苗的婴儿?

  1. A婴儿对所有疫苗可预防疾病天生免疫
  2. B能传播感染的人减少了,因此感染传播得更少
  3. C接种过的人把抗体传给他们遇到的每一个人
  4. D疫苗能杀死环境中的病原体
6.微生物学困难

哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播?

  1. A甲型和戊型肝炎
  2. B乙型和丁型肝炎
  3. C丙型和戊型肝炎
  4. D乙型和丙型肝炎

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff

为什么是这个答案

For a patient who cannot bear weight or help, a mechanical lift prevents injury to both patient and staff. Lifting under the arms can injure the shoulders, and pivot transfers need weight bearing.

答案

C · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early

为什么是这个答案

There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.

答案

D · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
3.护理学基础

答案: B · When the sounds disappear completely

为什么是这个答案

The first clear sound marks the systolic pressure; in adults the point at which the sounds disappear (phase 5) is recorded as diastolic.

答案

B · When the sounds disappear completely
4.护理学基础

答案: C · 站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上

为什么是这个答案

直立性低血压通常定义为站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降至少 20 mmHg 或舒张压下降至少 10 mmHg。它是跌倒评估中的重要发现。

答案

C · 站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上
5.微生物学

答案: B · 能传播感染的人减少了,因此感染传播得更少

为什么是这个答案

当足够多的人具有免疫力时,传播链就会断裂,病原体很少能到达易感人群,例如幼小的婴儿或免疫抑制患者。

答案

B · 能传播感染的人减少了,因此感染传播得更少
6.微生物学

答案: A · 甲型和戊型肝炎

为什么是这个答案

甲型(A)和戊型(E)肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播,并可引起慢性感染。

答案

A · 甲型和戊型肝炎

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